Rules of Evidence: Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS: RULES OF EVIDENCE

VOLUME I: WELL-BEHAVED VARIABLES

(One-Variable Analysis)

Table of Contents

PREFACE (v)

PREFACE TO FACULTY (vi)

PLAN OF THE COURSE (viii)

I PRELIMINARIES

WHAT IS DATA ANALYSIS ?

Tools of the trade: The linear model and the additive model. Simplifying problems. Falsifiability, validity, and parsimony

BEFORE THE BEGINNING: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHY, WHEN, AND HOW?

Step Zero: Establishing Credibility

II DESCRIPTION -- THE PICTURE THAT'S WORTH THE WORDS

STEM AND LEAF I

Description (19); Protein Content of Breakfast Cereals: Technique (24); Data Analysis (30); Exercises (41); Writing The Report (47); Exercise (51).

STEM AND LEAF II

Death in London: Establishing Credibility Who, What, Where, Why, When, and How (75); Stem and Leaf: More Technique (77); Data Analysis (83); The Work; The Report (90); Exercises (93).

(Death in London Data. Death in America 1990. )

HISTOGRAMS

III VARIATION: NUMBERS FOR THE VARIATION, NUMBERS FOR THE AVERAGE.

INTRODUCTION: THINGS VARY

The Median and the Mean as Centers (113); Minimum Absolute Deviation (115); Least Squares (116); Exercises (117); Measuring Variation Around the Center (118); Quartiles (118); Standard Deviation (119).

DESCRIPTION: NUMBERS FOR THE AVERAGE

The median (122); Exercises (130); The mean(136); Exercises (136); Which Average, The Median or the Mean? (140); Exercises (147).

DESCRIPTION: NUMBERS FOR THE VARIATION

The Median and the Quartiles (149); Computing the Quartiles (151); The Mean and the Standard Deviation (152); Computing the Standard Deviation (157).

IV WELL-BEHAVED VARIABLES: THE UNIT OF MEASURE

TRANSFORMING THE COMPLEX INTO THE SIMPLE: WELL-BEHAVED VARIABLES

Symmetry; Homeoscedeasticity (174); Linearity (175); Additivity (176); Sense (176); Exercises (177); Transformation (179); Interpreting the Data (185).

(Physicians per capita EXCEL-Mac format)(Physicians per capita pdf format)

IS IT SYMMETRICAL? 193

Mid Quartile (194); Eighth (195); Mid Eighth(195); Exercises (201); Stretching and Shrinking: The Construction of an Interval Scale (203); Exercises (206); Transformations (208); Thinking About Intervals Using the Calculus (213); Generalization to Other Transformations (215); Square Root (216); Postscript on More-General Transformations (218)

WHY SYMMETRY? 220

Error (The Galton Board) (220); Complex Processes (The Central Limit Theorem) (227)

DESCRIPTION: THE WELL-BEHAVED LOGARITHM

Using Logs;World Population: The Work; The Write Up.

V THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS: FACTS ABOUT WHAT? 236

ON THE AVERAGE I: PHYSICIANS PER CAPITA 238

Simplifying the Data (238); Physicians per person per Country / Physicians per Person in the World (240); Exercises (244)

Physicians per Capita 18 Rows (Excel Mac); Physicians per Capita 2 Rows (Excel Mac)

ON THE AVERAGE II: WEIGHTED AVERAGES AND THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS (A CHICKEN AND A HALF)258

ON THE AVERAGE III: RACING 265

ON THE AVERAGE IV: MONEY -- HOW AM I DOING? 270

ON THE AVERAGE V: CLASS SIZE 276