Pollentia was founded along with Palma, according to Strabo 3.5.1, by Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus following a campaign against Mediterranean pirates operating from the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. Livy, Ep. 60, says that Metellus undertook the campaign as consul in 123 B.C. In recognition of his victory over the pirates and for adding the Baleares to the Empire he celebrated a triumph in Rome in 121 B.C. Thus the historical record implies that the two cities were established after the pacification of Mallorca probably in 122 B.C.

The archaeological evidence, on the other hand, indicates that the organization of a structured Roman community at Pollentia and perhaps at Palma as well occurred no earlier than the second quarter of the first century B.C. and was not completed until the time of Augustus. It seems likely that Metellus Balearicus merely removed 3,000 Italian settlers from the mainland of Spain and located them at Palma and Pollentia on the island. They lived, 1500 at each site, either along with native inhabitants or in a military camp attached to the native community. Their primary mission was to keep the peace on the island. Balearicus' grand-nephew, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, may have been responsible for founding the city of Pollentia when he introduced additional settlers, Italian veterans, after his victory in the war against Sertorius (80-71 B.C.). At that time he may have organized the community as a Latin colony. Finally the Emperor Augustus seems to have sent another group of colonists to the island and elevated the status of Pollentia along with Palma to that of a colonia civium Romanorum or Roman colony. But from its founding Pollentia, not Palma, was the main Roman city on Mallorca and the administrative center for the island.

At the end of the sixteenth century (1593) a local antiquarian and historian, J. B. Binimelis, proposed that the ancient city of Pollentia lay beneath the fields surrounding the chapel of Santa Ana south of Alcudia. But in spite of the discovery of a fine bust of the Emperor Augustus, numerous Latin inscriptions, and many Roman coins in those fields throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries Mallorcan scholars debated whether Pollentia was located at Alcudia or Puerto de Pollensa twelve kilometers west of Alcudia where Roman artifacts were also being found. The issue was not finally settled until two enthusiasts, Gabriel Llabrés, professor of history at the Instituto Balear in Palma, and Rafael Isasi Ransome, an artillery colonel, excavated from 1923 to 1935 a series of trenches between rows of almond trees in the fields at Alcudia. Their spectacular finds made it indisputable that a major Roman city lay south of Alcudia. A fragment of an inscription found on the site in 1887 seems to identify the city as Pollentia.

In 1952 William J. Bryant, founder and president of the William L. Bryant Foundation, on the recommendation of Spanish scholars turned his attention to Alcudia. Through the Foundation from 1948 to 1957 he had funded the excavation of the Roman amphitheater in Tarragona and was searching for a new site for exploration. In the summer of 1952 he purchased the property on which the Roman theater was located in Alcudia. During the winter of 1952 the theater was excavated under the direction of Dr. Martin Almagro, then Professor of Prehistory in the University of Barcelona, Director of the Archaeological Museum in Barcelona, and Director of Excavations in Ampurias, with the assistance of Antonio Arribas, one of Almagro's students. Enticed by the prospect of excavating an entire city, Mr. Bryant bought in 1953 a grand manor house in Alcudia to serve as the town museum and excavation headquarters for further exploration of Pollentia. In 1957 he created a center for archaeological studies, the Centro Arqueológico Hispano-Americano de las Islas Baleares, located in the Bryant house in Alcudia and incorporating the leading archaeologists in Spain and American scholars Professor Walter Cook, Director of the School of Fine Arts of New York University, Professor Sterling Dow of Harvard University, and Professor Daniel Woods of Manhattanville College. In the summer of 1957 the first systematic excavations on the site of Pollentia began under the guidance of the new Centro with the support of the Bryant Foundation. Excavation of the city continued under the auspices of the Bryant Foundation until 1997.

Careful survey of the site indicates that the Roman city extended no further north than the bypass road along the south side of modern Alcudia. Its eastern limit is marked by the road from Alcudia to the Roman theater. On the south the ancient city extended no further than the property of Caín Fanals south of the theater and the chapel of Santa Ana where the ground level falls off and a series of Roman graves was found. Its western limit lies along the modern highway past Santa Ana to Puerto de Alcudia and Arta with the possibility now that it may have spilled over west of the roadway. At a minimum the area of the Roman city measures 300 m. west to east x 600 m. north to south or 180,000 m. sq. (= 18 hectares). These figures indicate that Pollentia was a substantial community occupying an intermediate position among Roman settlements in Spain. By comparison Barcinum (Barcelona) was 13 ha. in area, Dertosa (Tortosa) 12 ha., Ilici (Elche) 12 ha., Lucentum (Alicante) 10-14 ha., Emporion (Ampurias) 21 ha., Tarraco (Tarragona) 70 ha., Emerita (Merida) 100 ha., Corduba 70 ha., and Caesar Augusta (Zaragosa) 50 ha.

Pollentia was unwalled. It relied on its location on an island and its distance from the sea, 1.5 klm. from the Bahía de Alcudia and 2.5 klm. from the Bahía de Pollensa, for defense. Only at the end of the third century was a defensive wall built around the northwest corner of the city. During the crisis of the third century the population of the city retreated to that small enclave. Similar contractions occurred in many cities along the east coast of Spain and elsewhere in the Roman Empire during that same period.

In 1963 the Spanish government declared the entire area of the ancient city from Sa Portella in the north to the fields south of the chapel of Santa Ana a protected archaeological site. No construction may now take place in the fields over the Roman city. In 1973 the state began the process of expropriating and buying individual fields. Thus far eighteen properties have been purchased by the state. Only six still remain in private hands.

The Roman theater of Pollentia is located at the southeast corner of the city. It was constructed in the early first century A.D. perhaps under Augustus. Only a series of square holes for the insertion of wooden posts to support a platform identify the proscenium and scaena . The semi-circular orchestra is 9.50 m. in diameter. Three rows of backed seats comprising the proedria are separated from the cavea by a 1.20 m. wide praecinctio or ambulatory. Eleven rows of seats of the cavea divided into four cunei have been preserved. The excavators estimate that the theater may have seated as many as two thousand persons. The town of Alcudia still uses the theater for musical and dramatic presentations.

In 1957 the Centro with the support of the Bryant Foundation began excavations on the property Sa Portella owned by the Museo de Mallorca and made available for exploration by the museum. The directors were Dr. Miguel Tarradell then of the Universidad de Valencia and Daniel Woods. Antonio Arribas joined the team in 1958. Excavations were conducted every summer from 1957 to 1962.

In Sa Portella the remains of four houses were uncovered. Of the southernmost house, the House of the Bronze Head, only eight rooms around a peristyle courtyard were sufficiently intact to be studied. The entire south end of the house was destroyed by a deep trench excavated by the government in 1936. The house takes its name from a bronze head of a young girl discovered in a trash heap in one of the northern rooms. The excavators date the construction of the house to the middle of the first century B.C. It continued to be occupied until the beginning of the fifth century A.D.

Across a broad street, 3.75 m. wide, north of the House of the Bronze Head is the House of the Two Treasures, so named because of the discovery of two coin hoards in the house, one dating to the mid-third century and the other to the end of the fourth century. This house is the best preserved of the Pollentia houses. It is an atrium style house with ten rooms, the largest of which is a spacious triclinium at its northwest corner. The impluvium at the center of the atrium is colonnaded. There was a colonnaded portico along the south front of the house. The house dates to the Augustan period. It suffered damage in the third quarter of the third century and was then occupied by squatters until the end of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century.

North of the House of the Two Treasures in the same insula is a third house. Only seven rooms at the rear of the house have been excavated. They make up two shop or taberna complexes, one facing the North-South Street and the other the street along the east side of the insula.

Opposite the House of the Two Treasures across the North-South Street is the Northwest House. It is an atrium style house with six rooms north of the atrium. At the center of the atrium is a colonnaded impluvium. North of the house are two small shops facing the North-South Street. The curious feature of this house is the fact that in the last quarter of the third century a defensive wall, 5.00 m. wide, was constructed, cutting the house in half along the line of the west side of the impluvium and rear wall of the two shops. Attempts to trace the wall in the fields south of Sa Portella have been unsuccessful. That fact and the evidence that the wall cuts the Northwest House in two suggests that it was built to enclose a small enclave at the northwest corner of the city to which the declining population of the city retreated during the crisis of the third century.

In recent years the town of Alcudia has consolidated house walls, re-erected the columns of the impluvium of the House of the Two Treasures, and added plantings to make the Sa Portella site a major attraction for tourists visiting the island each summer.

In 1980 excavation of the Forum of Pollentia began under the direction of Miguel Tarradell, Daniel Woods, and Antonio Arribas, who was by then Professor of Prehistory at the Universitat de les Illes Balears, on the property Ca'n Reynés which had been purchased by the government. A team from Dartmouth College under the direction of Prof. Norman A. Doenges joined the project in 1983. It excavated a Dartmouth sector at the northwest quadrant of the insula at the west side of the forum from 1986 to 1997. Excavation of the Pollentia Forum continues each summer during the months of July and August under the direction of Dra. Margarita Orfila Pons of the Universidad de Granada.

The main structure in the Pollentia Forum is the Capitolium which stands at the north side of the square. Because building blocks from the temple have been robbed over the centuries for use elsewhere, only the north wall and small sections of the east and west walls of the podium of the temple remain intact. The leveling stones for the cella walls and the footings for three columns in the pronaos are also still in place. But enough evidence remains on the ground to reconstruct the general plan of the building. Todd W. Parment, a member of the Dartmouth College team, made a special study of the Capitolium in 1995 and 1996.

The temple podium measures 23.30 x 17.80 m. The temple itself was tetrastyle prostyle in design with four columns across the front and two columns in antis behind. The temple building was divided into three cellae. The central cella is slightly larger than the two side rooms. The walls were made of mud brick above a high sand stone socle. The architrave and roof were of wood. Soundings made in 1996 by Todd Parment indicate that the Capitolium was constructed under Augustus over the site of a pre-Roman Talayotic sanctuary. By the end of the third century the building began to fall into disrepair, but the cella section may have remained in use into the fourth century. It is of interest that no early Christian graves were dug in the area of the temple although they line the south, east and north sides of the structure.

Flanking the Capitolium at its northeast corner is a large rectangular platform. The excavators have identified it as a temple, but the lack of an approach makes that identification suspect. The structure may be a base for a large monument, perhaps an equestrian statue. Isasi in 1927 found a life-size bronze head of a horse and a bronze hand which may belong to a rider or a charioteer. On the pavement in front of the platform fragments of a dedicatory inscription were found along with fragments of a crowning member or balustrade in a leaf or flower design.

At the southeast corner of the Capitolium are the remains of a small temple, 10.10 x 6.40 m. Only the lowest foundation coarse remains in place. It stands just 4.00 m. east of the temple and may have faced east rather than west toward the Capitolium.

At the southwest corner of the Capitolium are two statue bases and a rectangular platform, 5.40 x 3.50 m. The platform is of interest in that it is the only structure on the site whose sides are oriented to the points of the compass. The city grid is oriented SSE to NNW. The excavators propose that the platform was the ancient altar of the city established at its founding. If so, the altar would be the oldest structure in the forum.

Along the west side of the forum opposite the Capitolium are four shops or tabernae. Along the front of the shops was a colonnaded portico facing the temple. Each of the shops has two rooms. A stairway between the two northern shops and the two southern shops indicates that they were two stories high. Each shop has a wide entrance opening onto the portico. Except for that of the second shop from the north the thresholds of the shops are channeled to receive a wooden door. In the rear room of the third shop there is a deep trapezoidal stone-lined cesspool or latrine from which a large number of ceramic canteens dating to the end of the second century were recovered. In the front room of the shop the excavators found a complete set of stone balance weights.

South of the shops is a large opus sectile pavement measuring 8.30 x 7.45 m. The walls surrounding the pavement have all been robbed. At the center of the west side of the pavement is the rectangular imprint of a statue base. The base itself was at some point moved to the east side of the steps of the Capitolium. Near the southwest corner the pavement collapsed into a circular rubbish pit which was filled with pottery dating to the middle of the first century B.C. The excavators propose that the pavement is the floor of either a large cult building or the curia of Pollentia. Directly in front of the room stood the ancient altar of the city.

At some point toward the end of the third century or the beginning of the fourth century the portico in front of the shops was walled up. South of the portico a series of four small rooms was constructed in the open area of the forum. The coarse walls of the rooms were built with stones taken from earlier structures.

North of the Capitolium was a broad street, and on the north side of the street was another series of shops. Only one of the shops together with part of another has been excavated. Between these shops and the temple there is a massive rectangular tower constructed from reused blocks, many of which may have come from the Capitolium. The tower was part of a fortification system which was started but perhaps never completed and which the excavators have tentatively dated to the late fifth century.

More than 200 late Roman or early Christian graves have been excavated in the forum area south, east, and north of the Capitolium. The graves are either simple fossa or cist graves with the body laid out facing east in a supine position. Many of them cut into earlier walls and monuments, an indication that when the burials took place the forum area had been abandoned and except for the Capitolium was already beneath a mound of earth. In only a few graves were there simple offerings of a single jar or a coin. The graves seem to date to the fourth and early fifth centuries.

Excavation of a Dartmouth College sector in the Forum area began in 1986 and continued until 1997. Each summer during that period teams of three or four Dartmouth College undergraduates participated in the excavations under the direction of Prof. Norman A. Doenges as field director. In all fifty four students took part in the program. Of them at least eighteen have gone on to further study of archaeology, architecture, or the classics in graduate doctoral programs.

The Dartmouth sector is located at the northwest quadrant of the taberna insula along the west side of the forum. It is made up of two independent blocks of eight rooms, three facing west along the west side of the insula and five rooms facing north along the street at the rear of the Capitolium. The rooms occupy parts of fifteen 5.00 x 5.00 m. squares of the excavation grid. They cover an area of 16.35 x 12.00 m. or 196 m. sq. The Dartmouth excavations established a definitive date for the earliest structures in the forum area, dated successive building periods, and defined through the discovery of the West Street the street plan of the city.

The three western rooms (Rooms V, Y, and X) are at a lower depth than the five eastern rooms. They also constitute a separate unit with no access to the eastern unit. Room V at the northwest corner of the insula is the largest room in the complex, measuring 8.10 x 5.85 m. Its entrance on the West Street is a wide doorway with a grooved threshold for holding a wooden closure. At the south end of the doorway there was a low rectangular counter. Such counters are a regular feature at the entrances to Pollentia shops. In Room V the counter stands at the south side of a rectangular sunken area, 2.70 x 2.20 m., with a finely prepared beaten earth floor at the entrance to the room. The sunken area and the counter seem to have been part of the entrance system. At a late date perhaps shortly before the collapse of the room a mud brick wall was constructed 2.00 m. west from the rear wall of the room. Not enough of the wall remains to determine its function, but the rear of the shop seems to have been used for storage. In the destruction fill over the latest floor of the room several large fragments of a pink concrete floor were found, indicating that the room had a second story or a loft at its east end.

Stratigraphic soundings date the construction of the room to the first half of the first century B.C. At the end of that century a new floor was laid at a higher level, and finally a third beaten earth floor at a still higher level was put down probably in the early first century A.D. It was on the third floor that the room collapsed as the result of a major fire late in the third quarter of the third century.

More than 190 objects of interest were found on the latest floor of the room. They suggest that Room V was an industrial shop in which glass blowing and metal working took place. Near the center of the room was a round iron frame holding a ceramic bowl full of glass slag. Fragments of slag were scattered throughout the center of the room. A pile of washed sand lay against the south wall near the entrance. In the sunken area in front of the entrance many iron and bronze tools, chisels, sickles, pruning forks, rakes, scoops, and shovels, were found along with lumps of scrap iron and bronze. At the rear of the shop among many small objects there were parts of two iron spoked wheels, an iron saw, four large bronze fry pans, a complete mill for grinding grain, an amphora filled with 58 iron nails, and a hoard of 42 bronze coins. The latest coin in the hoard is one of Valerian (253-260 A.D.), the earliest of Marcus Aurelius. Just under the threshold of the shop there was a small bronze statuette of the god Mercury, very well preserved.

South of Room V is a second shop facing the West Street. It is made up of two rooms, Rooms Y and X. Originally, however, it like Room V was a single large shop. It was split in two with the construction of Room X at the beginning of the first century A.D. The front room, Room Y, is entered through a wide doorway. The threshold of the doorway was originally channeled to hold a wooden closure. But at some point the channel was chiseled away to provide a wide open entrance to the shop, and a porch or portico was added to the front of the shop to protect the entry way. Typically there is a low counter just inside the entrance at its north end.

This shop like the one to the north was built in the first half of the first century B.C. A new beaten earth floor was then put down at the end of that century or the beginning of the next. It was on this floor that the structure collapsed in a raging fire in the second half of the third century. Over the floor was a deep layer of burnt mud brick and rubble. At the time of its destruction the shop may have been an eatery or tavern. Fragments of more than twentyamphoras were found at the counter and along the north wall of Room Y. There were other amphoras along the south wall at the entrance to the room. Two fish hooks and the horn of a goat were found near the center of the room. In the destruction rubble east of the counter there was a well preserved iron grate which may have come from a window over the entrance or may have served as a barbecue grilling surface over the counter. A similar grate was found at the northeast corner of the shops along the west side of the forum.

The rear room of the shop, Room X, was used for storage. It was constructed at the turn of the millennium. Subsequently two new floors were laid at higher levels. At a late date probably in the third century the rear wall was rebuilt with large reused blocks taken from elsewhere in the forum. A buttress had to be added at the center of the wall to make it stable. Scattered on the latest floor of the room were twenty-four amphoras dating to the third century. Two of the them contained a mass of minuscule fish bones, the residue of the fish sauces garum or salsamentum. The inside of one of the amphoras was coated with pitch. Another held unidentifiable organic matter, and still another contained fine white sand. Two cylindrical iron bars, 1.00 m. in length, lay along the west and south walls of the room. Stacked against the south wall were five unused roof tiles, and leaning against one of them a large spouted ceramic basin. At the northeast corner of the room was a collection of metal objects, among them the handle of a bronze jug, a bronze balance arm with chain, a bronze funnel, a low iron stand with wheels, several iron rings to hold pots over a fire, two iron fire tongs, a knife with the handle ending in a ram's head, two bronze fry pans, and iron bucket handles.

South of Rooms Y and X there is a narrow walkway or alley separating the rooms from another shop unit to the south. Access to the walkway was through a door at the southeast corner of Room Y. At some point near the end of the second or the beginning of the third century the walkway was blocked up at its west end with the result that a deep layer of fine silt from runoff accumulated over the pavement in the period before the firing and collapse of the buildings on either side.

The east unit of the complex made up of five rooms, U1, U2, Q, T, and R, is an independent set of rooms unconnected to the shops along the west side of the forum and to the west unit. It faces north with its entrance along the street running east to west at the rear of the Capitolium. All evidence of the street unfortunately may have been destroyed by the action of earlier excavators. The use to which the unit was put is not clear. It was not a shop complex, and it does not seem suitable for residential purposes. One possibility is that the rooms served at least initially as office space for town officials.

Stratigraphic evidence indicates that Room U was originally undivided. It was constructed in the first half of the first century B.C. at the same depth as Room V to the west. The main feature of this early room was the well with its arch at the center of the south wall. The location of the well suggests the possibility that the room was inÝits initial stage open along its north side and unroofed. There is only a single footing block in place at the end of the west wall of the room to indicate that there may have been a north wall. On the other hand a well in an interior wall of a room is not an uncommon feature of Roman buildings. The floor level of this early room was then raised some 20 cm. in the late first or early second century A.D. Finally in the early third century a new floor was laid at a still higher level, and the room was divided in two.

After the division the eastern room, U1, became a long entrance corridor to the entire unit. Along its north side is a wide threshold. There were two doorways into the western room, U2, one just inside the entrance and the other at the well. By this time the arch of the well had been walled up, and well itself had ceased to be functional and had been filled in. There may have been a third doorway into Room R at the southeast corner of the room. The latest floor on which the room collapsed was of beaten earth. Beneath it was a mosaic floor with the tesserae set in clay. Both floors date to the third century. The tessera floor ran through the south doorway into Room U2. On the latest beaten earth floor among other items was a distinctive hand-made ceramic bowl decorated with a vine motif in relief. The bowl may have contained nine circular blue glass-paste disks, seven with figures of fish done in yellow and black inlay. The disks seem to have been cut from a glass-paste plaque on which the fish were portrayed swimming in a blue sea. The disks may have served as counters for some sort of game.

The western room, U2, seems to have been a storeroom. On the latest floor of the room there were the charred remains of what may have been a wooden box holding folded cloth which had been partially carbonized. Near the wooden box among other items were two disk lamps, a bronze balance arm with chain, a bronze balsamarium in the shape of a female head, a bronze seal stamp ring in the shape of an eagle with the word ACTIACI embossed from right to left and in a lower register a legionary standard on its side, and finally a large lead strongbox with a circular hole in its top and the figures of a bull and a horned deity in relief on its front. The seal stamp may have belonged to a veteran of the battle of Actium. In the third century the stamp would have been an heirloom or an official seal.

Rooms Q and T were also originally a single large room. The west and south walls of the larger room date to the first half of the first century B.C. At first this large room may have been open to the north and unroofed. Around the turn of the millennium the floor level of the room was raised some 20 cm. In the early first century A.D. the level was again raised. On this floor at the southwest corner of the room a roof tile was embedded in plaster at an angle to the corner, and north of it two dolia were set into the floor. One of the dolia held a collection of small pots. Finally in the late second or early third century the floor level was raised for a third time. At this point a the large room was divided into Rooms Q and T, and new walls were built over the earlier west and south walls at the higher level.

There is a doorway from Room Q to Room T at the southwest corner of Room Q. There may also have been an entrance from the street in the north wall. The typical third century destruction fill over the floor of Room Q was disturbed by a deep pit dug in the Islamic period into which hundreds of broken water jugs had been thrown. A trench of the early excavators may have further damaged the room along its north side. Room T has a door at its northwest corner and another at the center of the south wall into Room R. On the latest floor of the room there were found among other items the base of a candelabra, a bronze statuette of a seated draped figure, two iron keys, and a bronze coiled snake, perhaps a furniture attachment.

Room R south of the well was constructed at the end of the first century B.C. or the beginning of the first century A.D. when the floor level in Rooms U, Q, and T was first raised and when Room X was built at the rear of Room Y. The earliest floor of the new room is at roughly the same depth as the second floor in Room U. At the end of the second century at new floor was laid at a higher level. The surface of this floor was compact white clay.ÝAt some point in the third century the room seems to have suffered a major disturbance. There was a mass of broken pottery over much of the clay floor. The floor level was then again raised. So also were the south and east walls of the room with the superposition of large building blocks taken from other structures on top of the early walls of the room. Probably at the same time the west wall of the room was rebuilt also with the use of large building blocks taken from elsewhere. Finally toward the end of the third century the floor level in the room was again raised. The surface of this floor was sauló or decomposed sandstone which hardens on exposure to air. It was on this third floor that the room collapsed. Room R is the only one in the Dartmouth sector which was not destroyed by fire. It is also the only room in which terra sigillata Africana D fragments were found. There is thus the possibility that it survived the catastrophe which engulfed the rest of the insula and remained occupied into the fourth century. But when it was in its final stage, all of the other structures in the forum area with the possible exception of the Capitolium must have been in ruin, and most of the population had abandoned the center of the city to subsist within the confines of the late wall built around the Sa Portella enclave. The cause of this sharp decline is unclear. But its roots lie in economic depression, political insecurity, and perhaps disease which not only Pollentia but also other major cities in eastern Spain suffered toward the end of the third century.

Bibliography:

L. R. Amorós, M. Almagro, and A. Arribas, Excavación del Teatro romano de Pollentia 1953 (Palma 1954)

A. Arribas, M. Tarradell, and D. Woods, Pollentia I. Excavaciones en Sa Portella, Alcudia (Mallorca) Memoria no. 75 (Madrid 1973)

A. Arribas, M. Tarradell, and D. Woods, Pollentia II. Excavaciones en Sa Portella, Alcudia (Mallorca) Memoria no. 98 (Madrid 1978)

A. Arribas, Pollentia 3. Estudio de los materiales, I. Sa Portella Excavaciones 1957-1963 (Palma de Mallorca 1983)

A. Arribas, "La Arqueología de Pollentia," Historia de Alcudia I, (Alcudia, Mallorca 1978) 111-291

A. Arribas and M. Tarradell, "El Foro de Pollentia. Noticias de las primeras investigaciones," Los Foros Romanos de las Provincias Occidentales, C. Aranegui Cascó, ed. (Madrid 1987) 121-136

R. C. Knapp, Aspects of the Roman experience in Iberia, 206-100 B.C. (Valladolid 1977)

M. Tarradell, "Pollentia: esquema de aproximación histórica," Historia de Alcudia I, (Alcudia, Mallorca 1978) 293-357