Literary Gentlemen and a Girl Like I

On a train ride from New York to California, popular screenwriter Anita Loos sketched out a farce based on a gold-digging blonde capable of manipulating any man she wished. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: An Intimate Diary of a Professional Lady became the second best selling novel of 1926, and its first printing in December 1925 sold out overnight. This exhibit places Loos’s cultural phenomenon into the context of the literary world of the 1920s.

The exhibition was curated by Anne Peale and Jay Satterfield. This exhibition was on display in the Class of 1965 Galleries from December 15, 2011 - February 29, 2012.

You may download a small, 8x10 version of the poster: LiteraryGentlemen.jpg. You may also download a handlist of the items in this exhibition: LiteraryGentlemen.

Materials Included in the Exhibition

Case 1. "Brains are really everything..."

On train ride from New York to California, Anita Loos sketched out a vicious farce based on a gold-digging blonde who spewed malapropisms but could manipulate any man she wished. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: An Intimate Diary of a Professional Lady became the second best selling novel of 1926, and its first printing in December 1925 sold out overnight. It was a cultural phenomenon: adapted for Broadway and film in 1927, again rewritten as a vehicle for Marilyn Monroe in 1952, and translated into 13 languages.

Loos was a well-established screenwriter who worked on hundreds of scripts. She wrote for D.W. Griffith, was the primary writer for Douglas Fairbanks, and scripted many vehicles for the Gish sisters and Jean Harlow. She did not consider herself a novelist, and she had to stretch her original sketch of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes for serialization—penning the diary as it was coming out in Harper’s Bazaar. Loos realized she could be far more risqué in a novel than she was allowed to be in motion pictures. When the book was rewritten for stage and screen, many of the more explicit references had to be dropped.

1. Anita Loos. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: An Intimate Diary of a Professional Lady. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925. Rare Book PS3523.O557 G4 1925
2. Anita Loos. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Typed play script, 1927. Anita Loos collection (MS-1092), Box 1, Folder 4.
3. Playbill for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Times Square Theater, 1927.
4. Charles Lederer. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Screenplay, Final Revised, November 13, 1952. Scripts 164
5. Screenplays from our collections with major contributions by Anita Loos: I Married an Angel (1941, Scripts 1068); Susan and God (1940, Scripts 1917); When Ladies Meet (1941, Scripts 2117); Blossoms in the Dust (1941, Scripts 429); Biography (1934, Scripts 15); A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1944, Scripts q185a).
6. Anita Loos. Cast of Thousands. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1977. Baker Berry PS3523.O557 Z49 [Not available at Rauner]

 

Case 2, Part 1. “…a gentlemen called Mr. Mencken”

Anita Loos has offered varying accounts of her inspiration for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, but the most repeated account is that Loos was frustrated by a seemingly intelligent man stricken by a “witless blonde” (rather than herself). Loos said her anti-heroine, Lorelei Lee, was modeled after “the dumbest blonde of all, a girl who had bewitched one of the keenest minds of our era—H.L. Mencken.” In 1925, Mencken was at the height of his career: after editing The Smart Set, he helped to found The American Mercury, perhaps the most influential magazine of culture of its day. As a famed critic of Philistine American culture (what he called the “Booboisie”), his critical voice dominated American letters of the time.

Mencken’s ego was apparently strong enough to take the attack on his taste in women. He read a draft and recommended that Loos seek publication in Harper’s Bazaar. He was afraid it would “affront” his American Mercury readers because, as he said to Loos, “you’re the first American writer to ever poke fun at sex.” When Gentlemen Prefer Blondes came out as a novel, Mencken published a short but glowing review in The American Mercury, confessing, “there are pages that made me stop reading to bawl.”

1. The American Mercury, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1924). [Not available at Rauner. Library Depository AP2 .A37  v.1-112 1924-1976] 
   
   1. Lorelei comments that her friend Dorothy “does nothing but waste her time and yesterday… went to meet a gentleman called Mr. Mencken from Baltimore who really only prints a green magazine which has not even got any pictures in it.”
2. H. L. Mencken. “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes” review. The American Mercury Vol. 7, no 25 (January 1926): 127. [Not available at Rauner. Library Depository AP2 .A37  v.1-112 1924-1976] 
3. H. L. Mencken. “My Life as Editor,” manuscript. H. L. Mencken Papers (ML-693).
   1. H.L. Mencken deposited typescript copies of his unpublished autobiography in sealed crates with three institutions (one being Dartmouth) with the instructions that they could not be opened until 1991. These typescripts are from our sealed crate, and My Life as Editor was published in 1993.
4. H. L. Mencken. Signed Photograph.

 

Case 2, Part 2. "So here I am writing a book..."

While many people think of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes as a piece of throw-away humor, it was closely associated with America’s finest new literary talent. Published by the flamboyant and controversial Horace Liveright, it joined what has been called the best publisher’s list of the 20^th century. Besides Loos, in 1925 Liveright’s stable of authors included T. S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, Theodore Dreiser, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, Robinson Jeffers, Sherwood Anderson, and Eugene O’Neill. James Joyce and Edith Wharton both loved the book, and Wharton praised it as “the great American novel (at last!).”

1. Anita Loos. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: An Intimate Diary of a Professional Lady. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925 [1926].
   1. The eighth printing from February 1926, less than four months after the first printing.
2. Ernest Hemingway. In Our Time. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925. Rare Book PZ3.H3736 In 
3. Sherwood Anderson. Dark Laughter. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925. Rare Book PS3501.N4 D3 1925
4. Theodore Dreiser. An American Tragedy. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925. 3 copies: Val 817 D814 O2 (2 copies) or Roberts Library PZ3.D814 Am c.3

 

Case 3. "...so that I would improve my mind"

The “literary gentlemen” whose company Lorelei Lee enjoys ply her with jewels and money but also occasionally with books. Lorelei hunts eagerly for the “riskay” parts of novels, but passes on the actual chore of reading to her maid. Lorelei entirely misses the irony of her gentlemen friends’ literary selections—from Joseph Conrad to Benvenuto Cellini to Robert Service, every author who falls into Lorelei’s hands writes about a different kind of gold-digger.

Both Anita Loos and her readers in 1925 knew that the joke was actually on Lorelei for bothering to read at all—every literary work Lorelei encounters in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was adapted for screen or stage in 1924.  All Lorelei had to do to pursue her literary education was to go to the theater!

The more “riskay” parts of Lorelei’s books fall victim to the Hollywood censor’s pen in their Broadway and film adaptations, but Lorelei doesn’t let her own marriage to weak-minded censor Mr. Spoffard keep her from continuing the “education” she receives from other gentlemen, literary or otherwise.

1. Benvenuto Cellini. The Life of Benvenuto Cellini Written by Himself. Boston: Merrymount, 1906. Presses M554c
   
   1. An English novelist takes Lorelei to the Metropolitan Museum “to show me a very very beautiful cup made by an antique jeweler called Mr. Cellini… he wants me to read Mr. Cellini’s life which… was quite amusing in spots because it was really quite riskay…”
2. Joseph Conrad. Lord Jim. New York: Doubleday, 1900. Conrad 74
   
   1. “…he has sent me a whole complete set of books for my birthday by a gentleman called Mr. Conrad.  They all seem to be about ocean travel although I have not had time to more than glance through them… I always say that a girl never really looks as well as she does on board a steamship, or even a yacht.”
3. Motion Picture Code. Hays Office, Motion Picture Association of America, 193-.
   1. “…Mr. Spoffard loves to reform people and he loves to senshure everything …”
4. Playbill for The Firebrand. Morosco Theater, New York, 1924.
   1. With far more ads than content, the program for a New York production of The Firebrand, a comedy based on The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, would have informed Lorelei about the “famous historical names” she reveres, like that of Coty perfumes.
5. Robert W. Service. Songs of a Sourdough. Toronto: William Briggs, 1907. Rare Book PR6037.E72 S5 1907a 
   
   1. “…and when we got on the subject of poetry he recited ‘The Shooting of Dan McGrew’ until you could almost hear the gun go off.”
6. Anita Loos. A Girl Like I. New York: Viking, 1966. Baker Berry PS3523.O557 Z5 [Not available at Rauner]