ࡱ> M  `bjbj== CWWZl$( 5 5 5PZ5<5(^D^6L6"666666|^~^~^~^~^~^~^$Aa ac^66666^C66^CCC6h66|^C6|^CCJ[@^6R6 `P>D(/ 54<,]@^<^0^*]d`>\d@^C(( Department of Energy Office of Science: The Case for Budget Increases Presented by the American Physical Society TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.1 Historical Perspective..6 Program Papers7 Cost Extracts..32 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A significant budget increase for the Department of Energys Office of Science (SC) is critically important for meeting the nations scientific and technological needs in the 21st century. National security and economic growth depend on a well-trained workforce and a vibrant scientific base. For the DOE to capitalize on the extraordinary scientific opportunities already identified by leaders in the research community, funding for the Office of Science would have to increase more than two-fold. Since the DOE SC is the principal federal custodian of the physical sciences, the American Physical Society feels compelled to be one of the prime advocates for its budgetary growth. The DOE Office of Science is by far the nations largest supporter of research in the physical sciences, and it plays a dominant role in underwriting activities in mathematics and computing. It has made extraordinary contributions over many years to the nations science and technology enterprise and the benefits we derive from it. As a result of this work, we are entering the 21st century with a new and deeper understanding of how matter and energy shape the universenew knowledge that allows us to improve life here on earth. The SC was one of the developers of the Internet, began the computational analysis of global climate change, initiated the sequencing of human and other genomes, promoted early advanced computing in the civilian sector, and opened the door for major advances in nanotechnology and protein crystallography. The SCs unique capabilities remain central to both basic and applied research, in fields as diverse as developing designer drugs, accelerating computing speeds, and generating sophisticated diagnostics for national security, medical and industrial purposes. We have entered an era in which advancement in any scientific discipline depends on an understanding of nature in many disciplines, especially at the very small scale. Furthering interdisciplinary activities and probing matter at the smallest scale are fundamental strengths of the SC research programs carried out in universities and national laboratories. Uniquely among civilian agencies, DOEs Office of Science is responsible for operating big facilities capable of tackling large-scale, complex, multi-disciplinary problems, such as nanotechnology and genomics. The SC program provides extraordinary value of its own, but it is also vital for exploiting the investments made in other fields. Policy makers of virtually all stripes agree that the federal government must play a central role in guaranteeing that the United States maintain its position as the worlds leader in science and technology. Unfortunately, that position is currently at risk. In teraflop computing, for example, the Japanese new supercomputer "Earth Simulator" threatens American dominance at the cutting edge of computer technology and large-scale scientific simulations. The federal investment in research is also an investment in the next generation of scientists. Especially in the physical sciences and engineering, our technically trained workforce is aging and our nation is becoming ever more reliant on the pipeline of foreign researchers. At a time when our nation is so focused on homeland security, this trend is very troublesome. Budget Implications: For more than a decade, budgets for the DOE Office of Science have stagnated or declined. To reinvigorate these programs and assure American scientific leadership, significant increases in spending are required. The budget increase required for the following three priorities of the Office of Science will entail a 130% increase over FY02 spending: University Research and Grant Acceptance Levels: Research conducted by university professors is vital to the success of the DOE SC program and the training of a national workforce skilled in a wide variety of physical science disciplines, including computing and engineering. Approximately one quarter of the SC budget (projected to be $765 million in FY 2003) supports competitive, peer-reviewed grants to about 2000 individual investigators at more than 250 universities and institutions nationwide. In addition, university and industrial scientists constitute a significant share of the user community at the DOEs major facilities. The decline in physical science and engineering degrees for US citizens is well-documented and a cause for concern, even alarm, given the requirements of our economy and the shortage of technical personnel to fulfill them. Although SC is the prime supporter of the physical sciences and is responsible for a major share of university research, SC is able to fund only 10% of the grant applications it receives. Even in a priority area such as nanosciences, SC has funds to grant only 13.5% per cent of submitted applications. By comparison, NSF was able to fund 31% of grants submitted in 2001 by a similar applicant pool, and NSF projects a 32% acceptance rate in FY02 and FY03. Since the DOE Office of Science is the primary source of research funds for the physical sciences at universities, improving SCs funding rate to at least 33% in all areas would significantly impact scientific progress in the physical sciences. This increase in grant approval rates would bring the total cost of the university grant program to $2524 million. Facilities and Infrastructure Improvement: The nation has benefited enormously from investment in DOE SC facilities over the years. DOE SC is solely responsible for the facilities at National Labs; although users from many scientific disciplines use DOE SC machines, DOE designs, develops and operates them. Roughly half of the DOE SC budget is devoted to user facilities. The more than 17,000 scientists and 3,000 graduate students who use these facilities each year are employed by universities, federal science agencies and private industry. Often DOE labs host major collaborations to address complex problems of national importance. Maintenance backlogs, facilities underutilization, and delayed or dropped upgrades jeopardize the facilities programs in the Office of Science. Currently the DOE SC is able to only put $37 million per year towards the backlog of facilities infrastructure needs. A report released in April of 2001 by the Office of Science determined that an infusion of $932 million was needed to address these problems, including $460 million to upgrade buildings, $308 million to replace outdated buildings, $92 million for utility projects, and $72 million for environmental safety and health. Spread out over a five-year span, DOE SC would need to spend at least $186 million per year just to take care of the existing queue; as facilities age with time, this backlog will continue to grow. A yearly investment of $100-150 million per year beyond FY07 will be needed to maintain and upgrade the facilities. At least another $50 million per year is necessary to run the DOE SCs facilities full-time at capacity. Initiatives: The Office of Science has identified a set of key initiatives that take advantage of emerging research opportunities across the six program areas within DOE SC. They are exemplified by a series of Occasional Papers issued by that office: The Challenge and Promise of Scientific Computing; The Beauty of Nanoscale Science, Using Natures Own Toolkit to Clean up the Enviornment; Dark Energy The Mystery that Dominates the Universe; Bringing a Star to Earth; and Biotechnology for Energy Security. The program papers that constitute Part III of this document contain detailed descriptions and cost estimates for the opportunities in support of those key initiatives; the total increase over FY02 is 76%. Short summaries of each of the six papers follow. Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR): Advanced computing technologies are needed to answer otherwise intractable scientific questions. The Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (OASCR) supports fundamental research in mathematics, computer science and networking. OASCR promotes programs that build a tight coupling between Advanced Scientific Computing Research and basic scientific research in other Office of Science programs. The top priorities for OASCR over the next five to ten years include (1) high-performance architectures, networking, and software with an emphasis on scientific application rather than pure computer speed; (2) new mathematics and new algorithms for new problems, especially in the treatment of multiple scales; and (3) improvements in facilities and networking. Biological and Environmental Research (BER): The BER program seeks innovative solutions to key scientific challenges by supporting research across the life, environmental, and medical sciences. BER invests in developing faster, cheaper and more accurate DNA sequencing technology and advanced climate models; conducts fundamental research on energy-related chemicals and particulate matter emitted to the atmosphere; and supports world-class competitive user facilities for structural biologists. BER also supports fundamental research into methods to clean up radioactive contamination on DOE sites, especially where traditional clean up strategies may be ineffective or too costly. The medical applications division of BER coordinates its research with basic and clinical research at the National Institutes of Health. The top priorities for BER include (1) Genomes to Life, an initiative to investigate and understand complex biological systems; (2) climate change research; (3) field implementations of bio-remediation solutions; and (4) high-risk, upstream research in advanced medical imaging. Basic Energy Sciences (BES): The Basic Energy Sciences (BES) program supports basic research in materials sciences and engineering, chemistry, geosciences and energy biosciences. This research will ultimately lead to the development of materials that improve the efficiency, economy, environmental acceptability and safety for a wide variety of applications. The top priorities for BES include: (1) completion of the Spallation Neutron Source, a next-generation neutron scattering facility currently under construction, and neutron scattering research; (2) nanoscale science and science research centers; and (3) development of the next-generation synchotron radiation light source. Fusion Energy Sciences (FES): The Office of Fusion Energy Sciences supports research on advanced plasma science, fusion science, and fusion technology with the ultimate objective of achieving a safe, economic power source, free of greenhouse gases, using widely available fuels, and with no long-lasting hazardous by-products. Advances in understanding the basic physical processes of plasmas (ionized gases) will yield better methods for sustaining, heating, and controlling plasmas in regimes relevant to fusion power generation. Crucial to the eventual utility of fusion as a power source is the burning plasma experiments in which the fusion process itself is the dominant source of heat. Priorities for FES include: (1) a burning plasma facility such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor; (2) developing an integrated modeling capability for toroidal confinement systems that incorporates recent theory, experimental results, and advanced computation techniques; and (3) enhanced materials modeling augmented by a major initiative in innovative materials development. In addition, FES smaller facilities, located mostly at universities, need additional capability to carry out their science programs. This initiative includes funding for competitively selected Frontier Fusion Science Centers. High Energy Physics (HEP): HEP supports research into the fundamental structure of matter, energy, space and time. Experiments and theoretical insights over the past several decades have led to a detailed understanding of the most basic particles and forces, and how they govern the evolution of the universe. Technologies developed for HEP research have led to significant applications in such areas as global communications, computer and materials science, molecular biology, medical diagnostics, and national security. Priority areas for current and future research in HEP include: (1) exploring new regions of energy where the forces of nature become unified and new physics must emerge; (2) elucidating the properties of neutrinos, including just discovered fact that neutrinos change from one type to another; (3) understanding the subtle differences between the behavior of matter and anti-matter; and (4) learning about the nature of dark matter and dark energy, through experiments on earth and in space. Nuclear Physics (NP): NP scientists probe the properties of nuclei and nuclear matter and of their ultimate constituentsquarks and gluonsas well as investigating key interdisciplinary questions, including the basis of fundamental symmetries in nature, how matter emerged in the first moments of the universe, the nature of supernovae, and the origin of elements in the cosmos. NP supports research into the structure of nucleons and nucleonic matter, the properties of hot nuclear matter, and the fundamentals of nuclear microphysics. More than half of nuclear science Ph.D.s apply their training outside their field, most notably in medicine, industry, and national defense. Current priorities for the Nuclear Physics Program include: (1) Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility at the Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and (2) the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In order to understand how nuclei are constructed from their constituent parts, the nuclear science community has proposed the Rare Isotope Accelerator project, a new concept in exotic-beam facilities. II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The science mission of the Department of Energy traces its roots to the establishment of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) in 1975. ERDA inherited the Atomic Energy Commissions basic science, including high energy physics, nuclear physics and biological and environmental research on the effects of radiation. It also inherited the AECs National Laboratories program, the Department of the Interiors coal research, The National Science Foundations solar and other renewables research, and the Environmental Protection Agencys automotive innovations research. The Department of Energy was created in 1977 with Cabinet level status, incorporating all of ERDAs activities, as well as a variety of other energy-related technology programs. All basic research programs and National Laboratory operations devolved to the new Office of Energy Research, which was renamed the Office of Science (DOE SC) in 1997 to reflect the central role science plays in the DOE missions. The modern DOE SC has been an excellent steward of public resources. Since 1993, the Office has completed eight major projects on time and on budget. Its Lehman Review process operated by DOE SC for management and review of major projects is an internationally respected model. The Office of Science has supported the research of more than 75 Nobel Prize winners. While the Department of Energy's overarching mission is enhancing national security, the top priority of the Department's science program is the sponsorship of cutting-edge science & technology research and development that revolutionizes how we find, produce, and deliver energy. III. PROGRAM PAPERS Advanced Scientific Computing Research ....8 Basic Energy Sciences .....13 Biological and Environmental Research ......16 Fusion Energy Sciences ........19 High Energy Physics.....23 Nuclear Physics.....27 DOE Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASC) Conceive, compute, comprehend Overview of Advanced Scientific Computing Science, mathematics, and computing have been intertwined for decades, and their closeness has steadily grown with the complexity of science. Scientists have invoked mathematics for centuries to define and explain what we see in nature---think of Kepler and the elliptical orbits of the planets. More recently, scientists increasingly depend on mathematics and computing because simple, cheap physical experiments are rare and becoming rarer, especially in the scientific domains of interest to the Department of Energy. Consider, for example, studies of hot plasma, climate change, the creation of galaxies, the effects of radiation on humans, and pollution from nuclear waste seepage; meaningful experiments in these areas range from, at best, extremely expensive to impossible, either practically or politically. By combining mathematical models and numerical simulation, otherwise intractable scientific phenomena can be characterized and analyzed with minimal recourse to experiments. The contributions of mathematics arise from abstraction and generalization, which allow scientists to conceive, represent, and manipulate ideas such as a new material or an unknown particle before they are physically realizable or measurable. Computing enters the picture most obviously in the form of number-crunching at enormous speed: because mathematical problems that can be solved analytically are the exception, computation is the only way to answer questions involving partial differential equations, data-fitting, and optimization, to solve problems with millions of unknowns, and to cope with severe nonlinearities, singularities, and multiple scales. Beyond massive calculations, computer science has led to deep and subtle changes in scientific thought, such as rigorous definitions of complexity and new formalisms that differ in fundamental ways from classical tools. For example, wavelets, which have become ubiquitous in image compression and approximation of massive data sets, cannot be expressed or derived in the same way as orthogonal polynomials and Fourier series. Scientific computing research is critical to the mission of the Department of Energy because science, mathematics, and computer science advance together, in a tightly coupled fashion. Everyone knows about Moores law, the remarkably accurate prophecy by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of chips per unit area would continue to double every 18 months. Everyone also knows that computers have advanced in many more dimensions than transistor counts, so that users of off-the-shelf personal computers count on cheap storage and fast network bandwidth. But even with improvements in speed of multiple orders of magnitude, important scientific problems will remain unsolvable into the foreseeable future without better algorithms and better models to go along with better computers. Scientists want to solve problems that are ever-larger and more nonlinear, covering wider ranges of size and time, involving more and more data. Growth in any of these dimensions leads, usually sooner rather than later, to the need for new algorithms. Integrating the motion of hundreds of millions of particles over a reasonable time period, for example, cannot be completed in a human lifetime with the fastest computers today using straightforward algorithms. Problems with combinatorial substructures, such as those in biological and hybrid systems, can be solved only by algorithms that circumvent the curse of dimensionality. Luckily, Moores Law has been complemented by the law of better algorithms, which has matched, and in some cases beaten, the gains due to faster hardware. In addition to better algorithms, better mathematics is needed to provide the analytical foundations for understanding increased complexity, particularly complexity due to the presence of error and uncertainty. Computing power and fast algorithms alone cannot resolve uncertainties in data, nor can they discover and assess patterns in disparate and enormous data sets. The DOE Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research The Department of Energy has been a pioneer for more than 50 years in advancing scientific discovery through mathematics and computing. Creating the close collaborations needed to do this well is extremely difficult; the Department of Energy is a leader in advanced scientific computing precisely because of its experience in building effective relationships among domain scientists, mathematicians, and computer scientists. As documented in a large number of National Academy reports, deeply engaged, multidisciplinary teams are the key to success---teams whose members have a common scientific objective and represent real expertise in domain science, mathematics, and computing. The Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (OASCR) in the Department of Energys Office of Science supports fundamental research in mathematics and computer science to advance the scientific missions of the Department. OASCR also supports research in networking to enable fast, reliable, and secure communication with experimental facilities, the computers that produce data, and scientific colleagues. A final essential ingredient from OASCR is access to the worlds best computational resources. OASCR supports several computing facilities: the flagship National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), operated by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which serves approximately 2,500 scientists; the Advanced Computing Research Testbeds at Argonne National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which test and evaluate novel hardware and software; and the Energy Science Network (ESNet), a high-speed network connecting DOE-supported scientists and their collaborators. FY 2002 Funding Research $89,009,000 Facility Operations $61,431,000 The distribution of research funds in FY2002 is $58,680,000 to national laboratories and $30,329,000 at universities. In FY2002, OASCR is supporting approximately 300 PhD scientists at laboratories (with 50 PhD students), and 304 university principal investigators (with approximately 300 PhD students). Advanced Scientific Computing Research Opportunities The Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee, which has been in existence for only two years, has not yet developed a strategic plan. However, the committee has discussed several areas in which there are obvious challenges that should be pursued and explored. Partnerships with other Office of Science programs. In light of the importance of mathematics and computing to the advancement of science, the Department of Energy should vigorously pursue programs that build a tight coupling between Advanced Scientific Computing Research and basic scientific research in other Office of Science programs. Some initial steps have been taken in genomics, nanoscience, and fusion, and there are clear opportunities for further productive collaborations. The Offices of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) and Advanced Scientific Computing Research are acting as partners in the emerging Genomes to Life initiative, where progress depends on new mathematics and new algorithms based on biology. A workshop on Theory and Modeling in Nanoscience was held in May 2002, co-sponsored by the Basic Energy Sciences and Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committees (BESAC and ASCAC). The conclusions of this workshop were that the time is right to blend the remarkable advances of the past 15 years in nanoscience, mathematics, and computation into a coherent nanoscience initiative grounded in theory, modeling, and simulation. A joint committee of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC) and the Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee (ASCAC) reported in July its strong support for the development of an integrated simulation capability, the Fusion Simulation Project. The budgets required for such joint programs are difficult to estimate precisely. The goal of the recently initiated OASCR SciDAC program (Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing) is to develop algorithms and computing infrastructure to advance fundamental research in all Office of Science research programs. A key feature of SciDAC is the support of integrated teams of researchers from domain science, mathematics, and computer science, and from DOE labs and universities. The FY02 budget for SciDAC is $57 million, which is only enough to get started; at least $75 million is needed for a credible program. Each advance on the biological side of the Genomes to Life program calls for new research in mathematics and computing. The Genomes to Life initiative thus needs heavy involvement of computer scientists and mathematicians, at the level of at least $5-9 million in additional funding per year. New programs in Theory and Modeling in Nanoscience, in collaboration with Basic Energy Sciences, and in Integrated Simulation and Optimization of Fusion Systems (ISOFS), with Fusion Energy Sciences, should involve (approximately) 25% of the total budget for advanced scientific computing research. High-performance architectures, networking, and software. Since the announcement in April 2002 of the speed achieved by the Japanese Earth Simulator, there has been a flurry of activity, in some cases resembling panic, to devise a response by the United States. The Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee has expressed strong support for a well-considered initiative, driven by explicit and compelling scientific needs, to explore promising advanced computer architectures and the associated systems software, mathematics, and computer science, in partnership with domain scientists. Such an investment, however, should not be undertaken in the spirit of simply building a faster computer; ultimately, the scientific accomplishments are what count. Because of its years of experience in assembling the coordinated, multidisciplinary teams needed for major advances in scientific computing, the Department of Energy is uniquely well positioned to reassert U.S. leadership in advanced scientific computing in the service of the Departments explicit scientific goals. A balanced program in advanced architecture research and development requires large, carefully managed teams of people with widely varying scientific expertise, an organizational structure that does not match well with the distributed, independent research paradigm of the National Science Foundation. A serious research program with a hardware component not based on off-the-shelf technology will necessarily be very expensive, since it must include not only research on architecture, but also creation of numerous prototype components at all levels, including basic chips, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), interconnects, and so on. Just as important will be coordinated research efforts on systems software, the most relevant numerical algorithms, networking, and the science drivers. Thus research in all programs of the Office of Science should play a role in any hardware initiative from the Department of Energy. A reasonable research effort on a single architecture will cost at least $100 million per year, and it would be desirable for obvious reasons to consider at least two distinct architectures. To repeat: a coordinated program that blends science, mathematics, computing, and hardware research would be extraordinarily exciting and promising. In contrast, a program focused solely on improving the sustained flop rate on a U.S. computer is bound to be a poor investment if it stands apart from the associated scientific, mathematical, and computer science research. New mathematics and new algorithms for new problems. New scientific ideas demand new kinds of mathematics to model them, as well as new algorithms for solving the associated problems. Complex systems today often contain a mixture of processes involving differential equations (e.g., fluid and heat flow, combustion) and discrete controls (e.g., biological systems with instant changes of state, human-designed systems such as networks where events start and stop at specified times). Attention should be devoted to research on mathematics that combines these two domains, and on algorithms that can cope efficiently with continuous and discrete processes at the same time. Mathematical strategies for modeling uncertainty as well as algorithms for solving problems whose formulations are subject to uncertainty are essential for problems based on real-world phenomena that are not precisely observable. A third mathematical and algorithmic topic that has been repeatedly singled out as critical to DOEs scientific missions---for example, in nanoscience, fusion science, and biological systems---is the treatment of multiscale problems, in which length (say) may range from kilometers to nanometers, and time may range from centuries to microseconds. A mathematics/algorithms initiative designed to engage researchers working on complex systems, uncertainty, and multiscale problems along these lines would require at least $5 million in new funding per year for at least five years. Improvements in facilities and networking. The OASCR-supported facilities---NERSC, the Advanced Computing Research Testbeds, and ESNet---need constant upgrading and attention to maintain the levels of service, reliability, and security required (and demanded) by DOE-associated researchers. Reasonable incremental upgrades are likely to cost $5-10 million per year, with substantial increases if there is a major change in hardware. DOE Basic Energy Sciences Program (BES) Serving the Present, Shaping the Future Overview and opportunities The Department of Energys Basic Energy Sciences (BES) program makes major contributions to many key elements of the nations scientific enterprise. It does this through support of basic research in materials sciences and engineering, chemistry, geosciences and energy biosciences, as well as through support of world-class scientific user facilities. These programs are an integral component of our national basic research activities in the physical sciences. For example, approximately 8,000 researchers each year from academia, industry and federal laboratories are engaged in state-of-the-art experimental work at these facilities, which include four synchrotron radiation light sources, three neutron scattering, facilities, and four electron beam micro-characterization centers. Qualitatively new opportunities will come from the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a $1.4 billion next-generation neutron scattering facility currently under construction that is slated for completion in 2006. Broadly, the BES focus falls into two general areas: Materials Sciences and Engineering In addition to being the foremost sponsor of the BES user facilities and responsible for construction of the SNS, BES is the premier federal sponsor of fundamental research seeking to understand the atomistic basis of materials properties and behavior. It does this through focused core research activities within the broad areas of condensed matter physics, metal and ceramic sciences, materials chemistry, and materials engineering -- research that ultimately leads to the development of materials that improve the efficiency, economy, environmental acceptability and safety for a wide variety of applications. For example, Shell Oil is commercializing new polyketone polymers for applications in gears for business machines, liners for flexible fuel hoses, and industrial molded parts. BES-supported research also led to the development of a new process to form ultra-hard boron nitride films, the second-hardest known metal and an ideal material for cutting tools, which could revolutionize that industry. And BES funded the development of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), which are finding their first practical applications in non-destructive testing of materials, while SQUID-based microscopes are being used by Intel and other leaders in the semiconductor industry to non-destructively search for defects in computer chips. Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Energy Biosciences. The BES plays a key role in supporting fundamental research in the chemical sciences, with a program on a par in size and scope with the National Science Foundation. This sector provides sole support for heavy-element chemistry, and is the nations primary support for research in catalysis, photochemistry, radiation chemistry, separations and analysis, and gas-phase chemical dynamics. For example, the development of a new class of metallocene polymerization catalysts has led to significant improvements in plastic food wraps by Dow and Exxon Chemical, as well as plastic front end and front bumper combinations on automobiles. Research on a new photoelectrochromic cell (funded by BES) could lead to the development of smart windows, which conserve energy by changing their transmission properties to respond to changes in the intensity of daylight. And BES-sponsored research on complex fluid dynamics has led to increased pipe flow of crude oil. Shell Oil estimates that improvements in this area could save oil companies as much as $100,000 per day in lost potential revenue in oil exploration and recovery. FY 2002 Funding Overview Materials Science and Engineering $512,522,000 Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Energy Biosciences $207,783,000 Construction $279,300,000 Current distribution of research funds (which includes operation of user facilities) breaks down as follows: 75% at national laboratories, 25% at universities and other research institutions. New and Future Opportunities In the past century, science has improved our lives immeasurably by devising elegant and simple solutions to complex problems that had puzzled scientists for millennia. We discovered and characterized the atomic building blocks of matter, the elementary excitations in materials, and the fundamentals of chemical reactivity. And we used this knowledge to design, synthesize, and characterize simple molecules and to use them as components of alloys, ceramics, and catalysts, among other systems. The next millennium leads us into a more complex world of research with unprecedented opportunities, a world where large complicated structures can be designed atom by atom to tailor characteristics to specific applications. Moreover, we can expect dramatic advances in the prediction and control of chemical reactivity, as the quantum mechanical manipulation of atoms, photons, and molecules continues to make rapid strides. The burgeoning of ultracold and utlrafast optical science in the past decade is enabling much of this headway. Quantum computing may be able to overcome the stagnation of classical computer technology that is expected to occur during the next one or two decades. New tools, new understanding, and a developing convergence of the BES-supported disciplines will allow us to develop clean and efficient methods of energy conversion and storage that a decade ago were inconceivable outside the realm of science fiction. These advances will depend critically upon enhanced individual investigator research programs, as well as the large facility-based science described below, divided into four major subgroups. Nanoscale Science (projected growth to approximately $200 million, increasing over several years; up from current level of $81 million per year) BES efforts in this area are geared toward the creation of a broad national program that simultaneously addresses the needs of both cutting-edge fundamental science and DOEs basic mission. Of particular interest is the development of new characterization and computer simulation tools to improve our understanding of materials at the nanoscale. Nanoscale Science Research Centers (projected growth to approximately $230 million in FY 2008, increasing steadily from current level of $3 million in FY 02 and $35 million requested in FY 03) BES is investing heavily in the establishment of five Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs) to complement its program in nanoscale science. The centers will provide state-of-the-art nanofabrication and characterization equipment to in-house and visiting researchers, and foster vital interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships among DOE laboratory, academic and industrial researchers. Neutron Scattering Research (projected growth to more than $200 million per year after the commissioning and operation of the SNS, increasing beyond FY 2006; up from the current year level of about $65 million per year) The aim of this BES program is to restore U.S. pre-eminence in neutron scattering research, instrumentation and facilities. Neutron scattering is critical to the exploration and discovery of advanced materials for a broad range of applications, including electronics, transportation, magnetic storage, and drug design, to name a few. Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources (projected growth to approximately $300 million per year, increasing beyond FY 2006; up from the current level of $185 million per year) The BES-sponsored synchrotron radiation light source facilities are used by thousands of researchers annually from all disciplines to unveil the details of the atomic world, and the future promises to be even more illuminating than the present, particularly for the physical and biological sciences. Researchers are currently developing the next generation of instruments, such as a revolutionary x-ray light source dubbed the Linac Coherent Light Source, which will provide laser-like radiation in the x-ray region of the spectrum that is ten billion times greater in peak power and brightness than any existing light source. DOE Biological and Environmental Research Program (BER) Making a difference with tomorrows science Overview and opportunities DOE-BER, guided in its long range strategic planning by the Biological and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (BERAC) and its subcommittees, evolves a long range vision of how DOE should and can contribute to the Nations scientific enterprise while maintaining an appropriate focus on DOE-specific missions. Indeed, it is clear that uncertainties related to the lack of scientific information and underpinning technologies limit our ability to solve many of the health and environmental challenges facing our Nation in the coming decades. The BER program seeks innovative solutions to many of these key scientific challenges by supporting research across the life, environmental, and medical sciences. It does so in very close partnership with the research portfolios of other Federal agencies where there are common goals and benefit from such interactions. Broadly, the BER focus is in: Life Sciences Research Following its visionary initiation of the human genome project in the eighties and its role as a strong partner with NIH in the great success of the public effort, BER continues to invest in the development of faster, cheaper and more accurate DNA sequencing technology. By any account, this one of the most cost effective and efficient tools for future discovery in biology and medicine. BER, together with the DOE Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, is supporting the development of computational tools, research strategies, and supporting research infrastructure needed to understand complex biological systems, especially microbes. This effort, called the genomes to life (GTL) initiative, will capitalize on the wealth of DNA sequence information now available as a result of successes in genomics research. BER continues to support innovative and world-class competitive user facilities for structural biologists. For example, BER facilities at the synchrotron sources, national user facilities operated by DOE-BES, have become essential tools for seminal discovery in biomedical research used by scientists from academia and industry. BER leverages new capabilities in genomics and advanced instrumentation to directly determine the biological effects of low doses of radiation, effects previously estimated from effects induced by high radiation doses. Climate Change Research BER develops advanced climate models needed to describe and predict the individual roles of oceans, the atmosphere, ice and land masses on climate over time, especially decades to centuries. BER supports fundamental research on the role of clouds in controlling solar and thermal radiation onto and away from the earth, the single largest uncertainty in climate prediction. This research is enabled by a novel group of monitoring sites that provide experimental measurements that are important for simulations and predictions. BER supports fundamental research on energy-related chemicals and particulate matter emitted to the atmosphere and on the movement of carbon, on a global scale, from natural and man-made sources to ultimate sinks in the terrestrial biosphere and oceans. BER supports research on the impacts of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources, including energy use, on the Earths climate and ecosystems and investigates the development of possible mitigation strategies. Environmental Remediation Research BER supports research aimed at providing science-based stewardship in understanding environmental contamination and guiding remediation strategies. It seeks for example to determine how and where bioremediation may be applicable as a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective technique for cleaning up sites or how contaminating metals and radionuclides in subsurface environments behave over medium to long terms when in contact with aquifers. This research involves molecular to field-scale activities. BER also supports fundamental research to improve the science base underpinning the clean up of radioactive contamination on DOE sites, especially where traditional clean up strategies may not work or may be too costly. Much of this research will be conducted in collaboration with the DOE Office of Environmental Management. Medical Applications Research BER supports research that builds on DOEs unique capabilities in physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology to develop innovative diagnostic and treatment technologies for human health. BER continues to develop non-invasive technologies and highly specific radiopharmaceuticals for functional imaging (called PET). This approach has made dramatic advances possible in brain imaging, in highly specific disease diagnosis, and, together with advances in genomics research, in new tools that will enable the real-time imaging of gene expression in a developing organism. Research also leverages the strengths of the DOE National Laboratories to focus on fundamental studies in biological and medical imaging, including construction of an artificial retina, biological and chemical sensors, laser medicine, and informatics. This research is highly coordinated with basic and clinical research at the National Institutes of Health. FY 2002 funding overview Life Sciences $210,878,000 Climate Change Research $137,959,000 Environmental Remediation $109,530,000 Medical Applications & Measurement Science $ 45,848,000 Current distribution of funds - 61% at national laboratories, 37% at universities and research institutes, 2% construction. New/future opportunities BER research is poised to continue its long history of making unique scientific contributions across the entire range of its research programs and especially capitalize on the significant discoveries in genomics of the past decade that have been strongly enabled by the BER program funding. The following descriptions of these programs are taken from BERAC documents on the Department of Energys website. Genomes to Life (projected growth to approximately $200 million/year, increasing in one year, for 10 years; up from the current year level of the life sciences budget of about $40M/yr) Expansion of fundamental research projects and completion of the initial 4 goals of the GTL initiative. Included are creation of new interdisciplinary centers and techniques necessary to enable rapid progress in these complex areas. Future plans include demonstration-pilot projects that will translate basic laboratory research into field-type scenarios that utilize biotechnology based solutions to clean energy production, carbon sequestration, and bioremediation. Climate Change Research (projected growth to approximately $200 million, increasing over 2 years; up from current level of $138M/yr) Expansion of broad scientific user capabilities including ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) sites full instrumentation of existing sites and new sites to expand the diversity and breadth of global coverage; AmeriFlux sites further expansion of AmeriFlux research site network to improve our ability to estimate net carbon exchange; and FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) sites expansion of user base to better understand the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on diverse ecosystems. Environmental Remediation Research (projected growth to approximately $160 million, increasing over 3 years; up from current level of about $110/yr) Expansion of research opportunities to include demonstration-pilot projects that translate basic laboratory research into field implementations that develop and test bioremediation solutions for cleaning up metals and radionuclides at DOE (and other) waste sites. Medical Applications Research (projected growth to approximately $80 million/yr, increasing over 3 years; up from current level of about $46M/yr) Emphasis on high risk research, upstream (pre-clinical) research in advanced medical imaging (including an ability to see the expression of individual genes in patients in real time and an ability to collect images on awake patients), and in nuclear medicine (including the development of novel approaches to target tumors with radionuclide therapy). DOE Fusion Energy Sciences Program (FES) Bringing a Star to Earth Overview and opportunities Fusion Energy is arguably one of the most important and rewarding research challenges of the twenty-first century. The ultimate objective of a safe, economic power source, free of greenhouse gases, using widely available fuels, and with no long-lasting hazardous by-products has motivated scientists, politicians, and citizens alike. All recognize that achieving this goal would profoundly change the worldwide socio-political landscape for centuries to come. The Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (OFES), relying on its strategic planning and on advice from the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC), supports research on advanced plasma science, fusion science, and fusion technologythe knowledge base needed for an economically and environmentally attractive fusion energy source. In fulfilling this mission, OFES supports research focused on the dynamics of confined, hot plasma: a gas of charged particles, strongly interacting with external electromagnetic fields as well as the self-generated fields resulting from plasma currents and space charge. Such plasmas, the building materials of stars, display an enormous range of dynamical behaviors, including a variety of propagating waves, instabilities and turbulence. Research supported by the OFES plays a key role in strengthening the intellectual and institutional base in fundamental plasma science research. In addition, the program supports research on critical technology needs for current and future plasma experiments, with an emphasis on plasma heating and fueling, plasma-materials interactions, magnetics, structural materials science and engineering, and nuclear engineering. The OFES also supports the safe operation of three world-class scientific user facilities, an inertial fusion energy alternative to the main thrust on magnetically confined plasmas, and a large number of smaller, university experiments that explore a variety of innovative plasma confinement concepts. Broadly, the Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) program focuses on the following program elements: Science This element develops the basis for predicting the behavior of hot plasma in a broad range of plasma confinement configurations. Over the next five years, FES research will advance the fundamental scientific understanding of plasma behavior through an integrated program of experiments, theory, and simulation. The research will focus on such essential scientific issues as plasma turbulence and transport, macroscopic stability, wave-particle interactions and plasma-boundary interactions. Advances in understanding the basic physical processes will yield better methods for sustaining, heating, and controlling plasmas in regimes relevant to fusion power generation. The program will continue to develop and integrate advanced computational methods, thus enhancing our ability to predict fusion plasma behavior. Such advances will allow the program to begin experiments on confined plasmas in which most of the energy input results from fusion: so-called burning plasmas. Along with this effort in magnetic confinement, the inertial fusion energy program will advance understanding of the physics of heavy ion beams suitable for drivers for inertial energy. Facility Operations This program element manages the construction of new fusion research facilities and the operation, maintenance and enhancement of existing major fusion research facilities: DIII-D at General Atomics, Alcator C-Mod at MIT, and NSTX at PPPL. These user facilities enable U.S. scientists from universities, laboratories, and industry, as well as visiting foreign scientists, to conduct world-class research. Enabling R&D This element develops the cutting-edge technologies that enable both U.S. and international fusion research facilities to achieve their goals, and explores technology innovations that permit novel fusion experiments and attractive energy systems. It includes broad and diverse engineering research on enabling R&D for both magnetic and inertial fusion energy systems, as well as international collaborations that support the mission and objectives of the FES program. Research focuses on critical technology that enables current and future U.S. plasma experiments to achieve their research goals and full performance potential. In addition, research continues on the key science issues of materials for practical and environmentally attractive fusion research facilities, including, in the longer-term, fusion energy systems. Fusion materials research uses its modeling and theory activities to exploit and leverage the substantial work on nanosystems and computational materials science being funded elsewhere, while in turn contributing to the development of several areas of materials science. FY 2002 funding overview Science $138,674,000 Facility Operations $72,627,000 Enabling R&D $36,179,000 Total FES Program $247,480,000 Current distribution of funds - 48% at national laboratories, 29% at universities, and 23% in industry New/future opportunities The past decade has seen a remarkable improvement in our ability to measure, model and understand the behavior of the hot plasma fuel that constitutes the core of a fusion power system. This new understanding, coupled with an intensified worldwide need for new, environmentally benign sources of energy to address global warming concerns, provides a strong rationale for boldly moving forward with a three-part program leading to fusion power. A Burning Plasma Physics Experiment (projected growth to approximately $50-100 million/year no funding is currently devoted to this activity). The critical next step for fusion energy, recently endorsed by the 2002 Snowmass Summer Study, is to move forward with the experimental study of burning plasmas--- plasmas in which the fusion process itself is the dominant source of heat. The production of a burning plasma would, for the first time, enable the integrated study of a number of key scientific issues that are crucial to the eventual utility of fusion as a power source. As mentioned in FESACs long range plan, the key issues include: The effects of energetic, fusion-produced alpha particles on plasma heating, plasma control and turbulence; alpha particles will totally dominate the external heating sources and create a new plasma environment. The strong, non-linear coupling that will occur among fusion alpha particles and all of the other relevant plasma transport processes; the complex interaction of these particles and waves are extremely difficult to model without experimental data. Stability, control, and propagation of the fusion burn and fusion transient phenomena; ultimately, external control systems will require the ability to diagnose the internal plasma phenomena in real time. The leading candidate for a burning plasma facility is the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) whose design includes major contributions from the U.S. as well as the European Union, Japan and Russia. The latter three nations plus Canada are currently negotiating an agreement on how and where to construct this $5 billion facility, starting in 2006. The ITER design is now complete and it includes many important components that are envisioned for a fusion power system including superconducting coils and power handling systems capable of long pulse operations. The U.S. now has an opportunity to join negotiations with the world fusion community to make this critical step toward fusion energy. An alternative approach would be to focus on a more limited, short pulse, copper coil domestic experiment, such as the Fusion Ignition Research Experiment that is under study in the U.S. Preparation for Burning Plasma Experiments (projected growth over a 5 year period to $250 million/year from the current level of about $150 million/year). This element, whose funding would diminish as the burning plasma experiment enters it operational phase, includes experimental efforts on the existing fusion energy facilities of the world, in direct support of a burning plasma physics experiment and a future fusion energy source. These experiments will address improvements in our physics understanding of relevant plasma processes, prior to studying the effects of fusion reactions. Our participation on these experiments will provide a smooth transition from heating, fueling, and diagnostic systems at current scale to that planned for burning plasma systems, while preparing U.S. scientists to benefit from burning plasma experiments. Theoretical studies to provide integrated models of fusion energy systems using advanced computers would also be enabled. Over the last decade, the U.S. fusion program has made enormous strides in predicting, controlling, and understanding the high temperature plasmas typical of todays experiments. Extending this predictive capability to a wider set of plasma parameters, and especially to burning plasmas, will require a major new effort in diagnostic development, in systems for profile control, and in computation and modeling. The fusion program is poised to undertake such an effort. In particular, an integrated modeling capability for toroidal confinement systems that incorporates recent theory, experimental results, and advanced computation techniques will provide an invaluable guidepost as we move into the future. The confluence of improved instrumentation, giving detailed spatial and temporal measurements of the interior of reactor-grade plasmas, with the computational capability to integrate the most recent theoretical models, can yield a continuously improving predictive capability. This would be done in coordination with DOEs Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research to take full advantage of modern computing techniques. Long Range Fusion Concept Improvements (projected growth over a 5 year period to $130 million/year from the current level of about $90 million/year). A parallel effort aimed toward longer-range energy objectives would stimulate new research efforts in fusion technologies, such as structural materials and blanket/fueling systems, as well as the continued development of alternatives and improvements to the tokamak confinement concept. The recently enhanced materials modeling efforts would be augmented by a major initiative in innovative materials development. The current modest effort on tritium systems research would be enhanced in preparation for use on the burning plasma experiment, while enhanced blanket research would begin, in preparation for testing during the later phases of burning plasma experiments. At the same time, the diagnostic and computation capability developed for the tokamak will be applied to the smaller, more innovative experimental facilities in our own domestic program. These smaller facilities, located mostly at universities, need additional capability to carry out their science programs: detailed diagnostic measurements of temperature and density profiles, measurements of magnetic fields deep inside the plasma, as well as the tools to control these physical variables. Such capability will fully exploit these innovative concepts, and yield insights contributing to a better general understanding of magnetic confinement. In addition, the fabrication of the Integrated Beam Experiment for heavy ion accelerator research, in support of inertial fusion energy applications, would begin. Finally, underpinning and strengthening the plasma science core of fusion research, this initiative includes funding for Frontier Fusion Science Centers, to be competitively selected by peer review, with an emphasis on multidisciplinary and multi-institutional research, as recommended by the National Research Council in their 2001 report on the Fusion Energy Sciences Program. We expect to share the cost of each Center, in the neighborhood of $3 million/year, with other funding agencies. DOE High Energy Physics Program (HEP) The Science of Matter, Energy, Space and Time Overview DOE-HEP provides the nations primary support for research into the nature of matter, energy, space and time. Experiments and theoretical insights over the past several decades have led to a detailed understanding of the most basic particles and the forces between them. The research made it possible to see deep connections between apparently unrelated phenomena and to piece together a picture of how a rich and complex cosmos could evolve from just a few kinds of elementary particles. In pursuit of this goal, DOE-HEP operates world-class experimental facilities at national laboratories and supports scientists from over 100 universities across the country. Because the DOE-HEP research program is focused on important questions at the core of the physical sciences, it trains young scientists and enhances the nation's pool of technical talent that is demanded by our modern economy. DOE-HEP is also the nations primary sponsor of accelerator R&D work that is advancing the sciences across a broad front. Technologies developed for DOE-HEP research have led to significant applications in such areas as global communications, computer and materials science, molecular biology, medical diagnostics, and national security. Opportunities - A Twenty-Year Vision The High Energy Physics Advisory Panel reports jointly to DOE and NSF, ensuring a coordinated approach to the field across agency lines. During the past year, a HEPAP Subpanel developed a twenty-year strategic plan for U.S. particle physics. Given the global nature of the field, it reflects projects and planning in the other regions of the world, and contributes to a world-wide consensus on the most important opportunities and priorities. The U.S. program is to be carried out by DOE-HEP, in collaboration with NSF, NASA, and international partners from across the globe. The HEPAP Subpanels vision was shaped by a decade of extraordinary accomplishment that has delivered HEP to the threshold of a new era of discovery. The Subpanel created a science roadmap for the field containing three interrelated broad areas. Each leads to a diverse and interconnected research program. The HEPAP plan ties them together in a robust, science-centered program that reflects crisp priorities and strong strategic planning, and aims at keeping the U.S. among the world leaders in the field. Three of the principal goals of the field are understanding ultimate unification, hidden dimensions, and cosmic connections. Ultimate Unification - Unification is the search for simplicity at the heart of matter and energy. The rich and complex phenomena we observe today may well have emerged from a much simpler world at high energies. Experiments of the last few decades have confirmed that new fundamental particles reflecting this simpler world must exist at energy levels just beyond the reach of current accelerators. A detailed exploration of physics at the highest energies, first at Fermilab in the U.S., and then at CERN in Europe and at the proposed Linear Collider somewhere in the world, will chart this new frontier. Hidden Dimensions - The visible world appears to have three spatial dimensions. String theory, however, predicts that there are more. One way to see them would be to kick particles with enough energy so they could squeeze into them. Particle accelerators would allow the discovery of such dimensions, and measurement of their shapes and sizes. In the long term, string theory may provide the ultimate unification of forces, linking matter, energy, space, and time. Cosmic connections - Elementary particles that obey a few fundamental forces shape the evolution, present state, and future of the universe. Recent astrophysics experiments indicate that most of the matter in the universe does not emit light as stars do, making this "dark matter" unlike any conventional matter here on Earth. Empty space also appears to be filled with "dark energy," pushing the universe to expand at an ever-increasing rate. What are these mysterious particles and forces? FY2002 Funding Overview Physics Research $159,300,000 Technology R&D $ 84,900,000 Facility Operations $457,600,000 Construction $ 11,400,000 Total HEP Program $713,200,000 Current distribution of funds: 83% at national laboratories (including operation of user facilities), 17% at universities and research other institutions. New/Future Opportunities The HEPAP Subpanel emphasized that the long-term goals of particle physics are best advanced using a variety of techniques in a balanced and diverse program. Across the world, particle physicists are in the midst of planning a bold array of experimental initiatives, some of which straddle the boundaries between particle physics, astrophysics, and nuclear physics. For the foreseeable future, however, particle accelerators will continue to be the primary tools of the field. Facilities Completed or Under Construction - Future opportunities for particle physics start with exploiting present facilities. For the next five years, the Fermilab Tevatron will be the worlds highest energy accelerator. The CDF and D0 experiments are pursuing a rich physics agenda that includes the search for the Higgs boson, a new form of matter associated with the unification of forces. Toward the end of the decade, the energy frontier will move to the CERN LHC, an accelerator with seven times the energy of the Tevatron. American physicists are making essential contributions to the LHC accelerator and the CMS and ATLAS experiments. At SLACs B-Factory, the BaBar experiment is making key discoveries in bottom quark decays and closing in on a detailed understanding of matter-antimatter differences in the quark sector. The recent discovery that neutrinos have mass is driving a worldwide program of neutrino experiments. In the United States, the MINOS experiment will measure neutrino oscillations between Fermilab in Illinois and the Soudan mine in Minnesota. The MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab will also provide important information. In the field of particle astrophysics, an international collaboration is building the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina to study the highest energy cosmic rays. Other teams of physicists are searching for dark matter particles in the galactic halo. A robust program that takes full advantage of these opportunities requires a base DOE-HEP budget of about $800M in FY05, compared with the $725M proposed for FY03. The Linear Collider - There is now a worldwide consensus that a high-energy, high-luminosity, electron-positron linear collider (LC), operating concurrently with the LHC, is necessary to explore and understand physics at the energy frontier. The LHC and LC will provide both a sweeping view and incredible precision, with the discoveries of each used to great advantage in extracting and extending the physics results of the other. A linear collider is of such a scale that it will be an international project. Building on our nations previous investment in exploring the high-energy frontier, the HEPAP Subpanel recommended, as its highest priority, that the U.S. participate in such a project, wherever it is located in the world, and that the U.S. prepare to bid to host the facility. To keep the U.S. a major player in this international effort, R&D will need to increase from $19M in FY02 to $40M in FY04. If the linear collider is built in the U.S., project engineering and design funds totaling $120M in FY05 and $400M in FY06 will be required. Assuming a purely technically driven schedule, a further $650M in FY07 would be needed to begin construction. The majority of these funds would be incremental, but a significant part would come from the base program as it reorients itself toward participation in the linear collider project. In addition, before construction begins, international cost sharing commitments would be established for a substantial fraction of the LCs cost, estimated by the Subpanel to be $5B - $7B. The Frontiers of Quark, Lepton, and Astroparticle Physics - A number of other exciting projects are on the HEPAP roadmap. All are scientifically compelling, but not all will be done. The final list will depend on many factors, including funding within the envelope of the base program discussed above, relative scientific priority, and the interest and contributions of international partners. Having some projects located in the U.S. will necessarily lead to others being abroad, and vice versa. symbol 183 \f "Symbol" \s 12 A further generation of accelerator-based neutrino experiments will be an important element of the worldwide neutrino program. An intense neutrino source (superbeam) will require a new proton driver, which could be a step toward a future very high intensity neutrino factory. Other experiments will search for neutrinoless double beta decay reactions to determine if neutrinos are their own antiparticles. symbol 183 \f "Symbol" \s 12 The BTEV experiment at Fermilab proposes to use cutting-edge detector technology to greatly extend the search for new physics in bottom quark systems. The CKM experiment proposes to measure a key branching ratio in charged kaon decays for understanding transitions in the quark sector. A major upgrade to the SLAC B Factory could provide about 100 times the data expected from the current program, and lead to corresponding improvements in measurements of CP violation in the bottom quark system. symbol 183 \f "Symbol" \s 12 The observation of proton decay would point toward grand unification, with profound implications for our understanding of matter, energy, space and time. A worldwide collaboration is designing a next-generation proton decay experiment. A large underground proton decay detector could also serve as a major neutrino telescope and be used as a neutrino detector for future experiments using a bright neutrino source or a neutrino factory. symbol 183 \f "Symbol" \s 12 Several approaches to studying the cosmological dark energy are under development. These include measurements of the expansion rate of the universe from observations of Type Ia supernovae (by SNAP in space), and measurements of the large scale distribution of dark matter from observations of weak gravitational lensing (by LSST on the ground). DOE Nuclear Physics Program (NP) To the heart of matter Overview Nuclear science is a key component of the nations research portfolio, providing fundamental insights into the nature of matter and nurturing applications critical to the nations health, security, and economic vitality. It is a field with tremendous breadth that has direct relevance to understanding the evolution of matter in the universe. Nuclear scientists today use sophisticated experimental and theoretical tools to probe the properties of nuclei and nuclear matter and of their ultimate constituentsquarks and gluons. At the same time, nuclear science is probing key interdisciplinary questions: the basis of fundamental symmetries in nature, how matter emerged in the first moments of the universe, the nature of supernovae, and the origin of elements in the cosmos. Nuclear science continues to have significant impact on other fields. The field is also a prolific source of todays technological work force. More than half of nuclear science Ph.D.s apply their training outside their fieldnotably, in medicine, industry, and national defense. The DOE/NSF Nuclear Science Advisory Committee of the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation is charged with providing advice on a continuing basis regarding the management of the national basic nuclear science research program. In July 2000, the Committee was asked to study the opportunities and priorities for U.S. nuclear physics research, and to develop a long-range plan that will serve as a framework for the coordinated advancement of the field for the next decade. The results of this planning process have been published as an NSAC report (April, 2002): Opportunities in Nuclear Science A Long-Range Plan for the Next Decade. In this document, NSAC emphasizes those aspects of the plan which are specific to the NP program at DOE. Many of them are tightly linked to complementary programs at the National Science Foundation. The Scientific Agenda The field can be broadly characterized by five scientific questions that define the main lines of inquiry: What is the structure of the nucleon? Protons and neutrons are the building blocks of nuclei and neutron stars. However, we now know that these nucleons are themselves composite objects having a rich internal structure. Connecting the observed properties of the nucleons with the underlying theoretical framework provided by QCD is one of the central problems of modern science, and is the principal goal of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Laboratory). What is the structure of nucleonic matter? A central goal of nuclear physics is to explain the properties of nuclei and of nuclear matter. The coming decade will focus especially on unstable nuclei, where we expect to find new phenomena and new structures unlike anything known from the stable nuclei of the world around us. What are the properties of hot nuclear matter? The quarks and gluons that compose each proton and neutron are normally confined within the nucleon. However, QCD predicts that, if an entire nucleus is heated sufficiently, individual nucleons will lose their identities, the quarks and gluons will become deconfined, and the system will behave as a plasma of quarks and gluons. With the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the fields newest accelerator, nuclear physicists are now hunting for this new state of matter. What is the nuclear microphysics of the universe? A great many important problems in astrophysicsthe origin of the elements; the structure and cooling of neutron stars; the origin, propagation, and interactions of the highest-energy cosmic rays; the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae and the associated neutrino physics; galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray sourcesinvolve fundamental nuclear physics issues. What is to be the new Standard Model? The recent resolution of the solar and atmospheric neutrino puzzles opens up possibilities for exciting discoveries in the next decade. One such possibility is the observation of neutrino-less double beta decay, which would signal the violation of a crucial Standard Model symmetry. Facility Operations NP operates facilities at universities and national laboratories providing research opportunities to US scientists (who are funded predominantly by DOE NP or NSF) and to researchers from overseas. The largest of these facilities are CEBAF at Jefferson Lab and RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory. However, major facilities are also operated at Argonne National Laboratory (ATLAS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (88-Inch Cyclotron) and MIT (Bates Linear Accelerator Center). In addition, University facilities are operated at Texas A&M, Duke University, Yale University and the University of Washington. They are essential complements to NSF funded facilities at Michigan State University, Florida State University, Notre Dame University and SUNY-Stony Brook. FY 2002 Funding and Manpower Research $113,000,000 Facility Operations $207,000,000 Initiatives/R&D $13,000,000 Stewardship $27,000,000 Total NP Program $360,000,000 Current distribution of funds - 80% at national laboratories, 20% at universities As of October 2001, 1900 scientists and students were associated with the DOE NP program. Of this number, DOE supported 683 permanent Ph.D. staff, 362 temporary Ph.D. staff, and 408 graduate students. Not supported directly by DOE but associated with the program were an additional 180 Ph.D. staff and 267 graduate students. Opportunities As part of its long-range plan for the field, NSAC identified three initiatives for the Office of Science NP program. The modified descriptions included below are taken from the 2002 NSAC Long-Range Plan. Exploitation of recent investments Recent investments by the Office of Science in new and upgraded facilities have positioned the nation to continue its world leadership role in nuclear science. Since 1995, NP has commissioned two major new facilities for nuclear science research, the CEBAF electron accelerator at the Jefferson Laboratory and the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the same time, improvements in the existing low-energy accelerator facilities at national laboratories and universities continue to provide new and outstanding research opportunities. The highest priority of the nuclear science community is to exploit the extraordinary opportunities for scientific discoveries made possible by these investments. An increase of the base budget for NP by 15% over the period FY04-FY06 would address several critical issues and would allow NP to: Increase support for facility operations especially the unique new facilities, RHIC and CEBAF, greatly increasing the impact of the nations nuclear science program. The research of approximately 2000 U.S. scientists, including 500 students and postdoctoral fellows is tied to the operation of the NP facilities. Unfortunately, in FY2001, these facilities ran at 1545% below their optimal levels. The recommended increase in operating funds would eliminate this shortfall and produce a dramatic increase in scientific productivity through increased operating hours, improved reliability, and an enhanced ability to upgrade experimental equipment. Increase investment in university research and infrastructure, which will both enhance scientific output and educate additional young scientists vital to meeting national needs. Since 1995, funding for university researchers has decreased by 15% when inflation is taken into account because of pressure to fund operations at the new facilities. Significantly increase funding for nuclear theory, which is essential for developing the full potential of the scientific program. Construction of a Rare Isotope Accelerator One of the principal challenges of nuclear science is to understand how nuclei are constructed from their constituent parts. However, until recently we have lacked an important experimental capability needed to answer this challenge, that is the ability to vary the proportions of the two main components of a nucleusneutrons and protonsover a wide range, far from the configurations of stable nuclei. The technology of high-intensity heavy-ion accelerators and new experimental techniques have now advanced to the stage where a next-generation research facility, able to produce and study rare isotopes with a great excess of neutrons or protons, is now feasible. In response to these new opportunities, the nuclear science community has proposed the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) project, a bold new concept in exotic-beam facilities. Short-lived, exotic nuclei have been and continue to be made in stellar events such as supernovae. Thus, in addition to its role in nuclear structure, RIA will allow us to understand in detail the origin of the elements and the generation of energy in the stars by providing access to nuclei along the key astrophysical pathways. RIA is NSACs highest priority for major new construction and will be the world-leading facility for research in nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics. The current estimate for the total project cost (R&D, construction and commissioning) is $900M in FY2002 dollars. Once approval is given for a conceptual design report, construction could start as early as FY2006. Upgrade of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) Almost two decades have passed since the parameters of the CEBAF electron accelerator at the Jefferson Laboratory were defined. During this period, our understanding of strongly interacting matter has evolved considerably, posing new questions best addressed by a CEBAF-quality accelerator that can operate at higher energy. Fortunately, favorable technical developments, coupled with foresight in the design of the facility, make it feasible to triple CEBAFs beam energy from the initial design value of 4 GeV to 12 GeV (thus doubling the achieved energy of 6 GeV) in a very cost-effective manner. The cost of the upgrade is about 15% of the cost of the initial facility. The 12 GeV beam energy will provide an exceptional opportunity to study a family of new particles, called exotic mesons, long predicted by quantum chromodynamics, but whose existence has only recently been hinted at experimentally. These particles are important because their properties should provide crucial insight into the mechanism responsible for the confinement of quarks inside the nucleon. Definitive experiments to map out these properties require the energy upgrade and a suite of detectors to be housed in a new experimental area. The total project cost of the energy upgrade has been estimated to be $200M in FY2002 dollars. In NSACs long-range plan the upgrade is envisaged as a four-year construction project beginning in FY2005. Other Initiatives There are also a number of smaller, but nonetheless important, initiatives within the DOE NP program that have high priority in the NSAC plan. These include construction of a beam line for NP researchers at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), construction of a Gamma-ray Tracking array, new computational facilities for theoretical research, and new detectors for subterranean science. This last category is particularly significant because a proposal for a new underground science laboratory is presently being considered by the National Science Foundation. A number of scientific questions of the highest significance can be addressed in such a facility; many of these pertain to the properties of the neutrino, one of the most exciting topics in physics today, including next generation double-beta decay, solar neutrino, proton-decay and long-baseline neutrino experiments. It is expected that one or more of these underground experiments would be supported by DOE-NP. Costs for initiatives in this category would typically be of the order of $50M. Such initiatives are essential to the DOE NP program effort to maintain a forefront nuclear science research effort which can provide fundamental insights while nurturing applications crucial to our nation's health, security, and economic vitality. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preceding chapters describing the six programs within the Department of Energys Office of Science were written in consultation with eminent scientists familiar with those programs. The APS particularly appreciates the help of the six individuals who chair the scientific advisory committees that provide long-term strategic guidance to the DOE SC. In the best traditions of scientific peer review, the advisory committees continuously identify the best opportunities evolving in their fields and the best strategies for pursuing them. The program papers are based largely on the most recent reports prepared for DOE by the six scientific advisory committees. Evaluations by the National Academy of Science and others are also reflected indirectly in the papers. IV: SUMMARY OF BUDGET DATA Documented Requirements for Increases in Annual Funding by 2007, from FY 2002 The tables that follow reflect the investments that could be made in the programs of the DOE Office of Science with an increasing budget over the next five years to realize high-value opportunities. The following tables were derived from two sources: (1) the estimated budget increases needed for robust university grant programs and improvements in the National Labs and (2) the separate papers on the potential of each of the six DOE SC programs that were presented in the previous section, based largely on program-planning deliberations by the six advisory committees that provide long-term guidance to the Office of Science for each programs evolution. They reflect different planning assumptions made at different times and should not be used as a basis for comparative allocations among the programs. More importantly, the tables do not reflect all the increase that these programs warrant and can absorb. They reflect budget guidance based on government-wide constraints on domestic discretionary spending. It should be noted that DOEs science programs have not enjoyed a budget authorization process premised on scientific opportunities for more than two decades. Such a process, carried out periodically, is necessary to ensure the health of DOE SC's programs and to provide policy guidance on programmatic balance. Summary: Program FY02 (in millions) FY07 Advanced Scientific Computing $150 $544 Basic Energy Sciences $1000 $1596 Biological and Environmental Res. $570 $876 Fusion Energy Sciences $248 $488 High Energy Physics $713 $1200 Nuclear Physics $360 $634 Subtotals for programs $3041 $5338 Safeguards and Security $48 $52 Program Direction $152 $152 Increase in University Grant Funding -- $1759 Infrastructure Facility Usage $ 37 $236 Totals DOE SC Budget $3278 $7537 Advanced Scientific Computing: Current (FY 02) Program: Research $89 million Facility Ops. $61.4 Total ASC Program FY 02: $150.4 Opportunities: Increments Other DOE SC partnerships SciDAC: $75 million Genomes to Life: $35 million Fusion Collaboration (ASC share) $19 million Nano Collaboration (ASC share: $30 million High-performance architecture, networking and software 2 new architectures: $200 million New math $ algorithms $25 million Improved Facilities, Networking $10 million Increment for ASC by 2007 (est.), over FY 02: $394 million Basic Energy Sciences: Current Program Materials Sciences and Engineering $513 million Chem. Sci, Geo Sci, Energy Bio Sci $208 million Construction: $279 million Total BES FY02 Program $1000 million Opportunities: Increments NanoScience: up from $81 to $200m $119 million Nano Centers, from $3 in 02 to $230m $227 million Neutron Scattering Res.; from $65 to $200m $135 million Synchrotron Radiation: from $185 to $300m $115 million Total Increment for BES, by FY 2007, over FY 02 $596 million Biological and Environmental Research Current Program (FY 02) Life Sciences: $211million Climate Change Research: $138 million Environmental Remediation; $110 million Med. Applics.& Measurements $46 million Total BER Program FY02 $505 million Opportunities: Increments Genomes to Life: from $40 in 02 to $200 $160 million Climate Change Res: from $138 in 02 to $200 $62 million Environ. Remed. from $110 in 02 to 160 $50 million Med. Applications Res: from $46 to $80 $34 million Total Increment for BER, by FY 05, over FY02 $306 million (Note: BER Program ideas assume increases in 3 years, well before the five year horizon of these tables. Commensurate increases for FYs 06 and 07 would be consistent with the assumptions generally prevailing in this assessment of useful DOE SC investments. Fusion Energy Sciences Current Program (FY 02) Science: $139 million Facility Operations $73 million Enabling R&D $36 million Total FES Program FY02 $248 million Opportunities: Increments Burning Plasma Experiment, from $0 to $100m $100 million BPX Related Res., from $150m to $250m $100 million Long Range Sci&Tech, from $90m to $130m $40 million Total Increment for FES by 2007, over FY 02 $240 million High Energy Physics Current Program (FY 02) Physics Research $159.3 million Tech. R&D: $84.9 million Facility Operations: $457.6 million Construction: $11.4 million Total HEP Program FY 02 $713.2 million Opportunities Increments Use Current Facilities: from $713m to $800m $87 million Linear Collider incremental, R&D and Const: $400 million Total Increment for HEP by 2007, over FY 02 $487 million Note: a portion of the Linear Collider R&D and construction costs will be supported by the base program; the LC line cites only the incremental cost above the base. Nuclear Physics Current Program (FY 02) Research: $113 million Facility Operations $207 million Initiatives/R&D: $13 million Stewardship $27 million Total NP Program (FY 02) $360 million Opportunities Increments Use current facilities: raise base 15%: to $414 $54 million Rare Isotope Accelerator: construction est. in 07 $150 million Upgrade Jefferson est. cost by FY 07 per year $ 70 million Total Increment for NP by 2007, over FY 02 $274 million Note: The tables compare Fiscal 2002 with Fiscal 2007 only, but assume steady increases for DOE Science programs during the intervening years. The tables blend construction with operational costs in arriving at the FY07 figures, even though construction costs for the projects contemplated for FY 07 will vary considerably year by year. However, it is felt that since constructed projects require operating funds in the following years, and since construction projects will peak and decline at a fairly constant average level across the entire SC complex, the totals for FY 07 do represent a fair gauge of the costs necessary to sustain the programs contemplated in the advisory committee plans.  APS assumed a 1.8% inflation rate per year for Safeguards and Security.  The DOE FY03 budget request includes a 9% reduction in this budget line. For this document, APS has chosen to keep a flat budget line for the Program Direction category. 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