var labels = new Array();
var descs = new Array();
labels["A01"] = "Abducens nerve";
descs["A01"] = "These abducens nerve fibers arise in the abducens nuclei and terminate in the lateral rectus muscle.";
labels["A02"] = "Abducens nucleus";
descs["A02"] = "The abducens nucleus is the location of motor neurons innervating the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.";
labels["A03"] = "Angular gyrus";
descs["A03"] = "The angular gyrus is centered around a sulcus continuing posteriorward from the sulcus between the superior and middle temporal gyri. In the dominant hemisphere. It is included in the receptive language area (Wernicke) that is responsible for the perception and integration of spoken and written language.";
labels["A04"] = "Ansa lenticularis";
descs["A04"] = "Thee ansa lenticularis consists of nerve fibers coursing ventral to the internal capsule, connecting the globus pallidus to the VA/VL of the thalamus.";
labels["A05"] = "Anterior cerebral artery";
descs["A05"] = "The anterior cerebral artery is one of the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery. It runs medially toward the interhemispheric fissure (the A1 segment) and mostly supplies the medial parts of the frontal and parietal lobes. The left and right sides are connected by the anterior communicating artery (this location defines the beginning of the A2 segment).";
labels["A06"] = "Anterior commissure";
descs["A06"] = "The anterior commissure connects areas of the anterior temporal lobe to similar areas on the opposite side of the brain.";
labels["A07"] = "Anterior limb of internal capsule";
descs["A07"] = "The anterior limb of the internal capsule is a portion of the internal capsule that contains mostly fibers from the frontal lobes going to the pons and other portions of the brain stem. The internal capsule is the bundle of fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with other portions of the brain and connecting the thalamus with the cerebral cortex.";
labels["A08"] = "Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract";
descs["A08"] = "The anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract arises in the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord, crosses in the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord, ascends in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus and joins with the superior cerebellar peduncle where it re-crosses.";
labels["A09"] = "Anterior thalamic nucleus";
descs["A09"] = "The anterior thalamic nucleus is a part of the thalamus that relays information from the mamillary body to the cingulated gyrus.";
labels["A10"] = "Arachnoid granulations";
descs["A10"] = "The arachnoid granulations are the location of reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous circulation. They are located along the major venous dural sinuses (especially the superior sagittal sinus).";
labels["A11"] = "Arcuate nucleus";
descs["A11"] = "The arcuate nucleus is a collection of cells in the pyramid that relay nerve fibers to the cerebellum.";
labels["A12"] = "Anterior (superior) medullary velum";
descs["A12"] = "The anterior (superior) medullary velum forms the roof of the rostral part of the fourth ventricle. It stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles.";
labels["A13"] = "Articular pillars";
descs["A13"] = "The articular pillars are the portions of the cervical vertebrae to which the superior and inferior articular processes attach.";
labels["A14"] = "Artifact";
descs["A14"] = "This is postmortem artifact.";
labels["A15"] = "Alar ligaments";
descs["A15"] = "The alar ligaments attach the apex of the dens to the occiput and limit the amount of rotation that can occur at the atlantoaxial joint (by limiting the amount of rotation that can take place between the dens and occiput).";
labels["A16"] = "Auditory (Eustacian) tube";
descs["A16"] = "The auditory (Eustacian) tube is the cartilagenous tube that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear in order to equalize pressure on the sides of the tympanic membrane.";
labels["A17"] = "Auriculotemporal nerve";
descs["A17"] = "The auriculotemporal nerve is the branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve that innervates the temporal resion of the scalp. It passes posterior to the mandible and joins the superficial temporal artery.";
labels["A18"] = "Alar cartilage";
descs["A18"] = "The alar cartilage is the largest of the cartilages that stiffen the external nose to maintain patency.";
labels["A19"] = "Amygdala";
descs["A19"] = "The amygdala is a nucleus consisting of several subdivisions that is located near the tip of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in the medial aspect of the temporal lobe. There is a cortical prominence overlying it (the uncus) and it is important in stress reactions and in certain types of emotional learning.";
labels["A20"] = "Ansa cervicalis";
descs["A20"] = "The ansa cervicalis is a motor branch of the cervical plexus (anterior primary rami of C1-C4). The decendens hypoglossi is immediately anterior to the carotid sheath and contains motor fibers from C1-2. This meets motor fibers from C3-4 (descends cervicalis) to make a loop. These motor nerve fibers supply the infrahyoid (strap) muscles.";
labels["A21"] = "Axis vertebra (C2)";
descs["A21"] = "The axis (C2) is the second cervical vertebra. It has a prominent superior projection, the dens, around which the atlas rotates.";
labels["A22"] = "Anterior communicating artery";
descs["A22"] = "The anterior communicating artery is a very short connection between the left and right anterior cerebral arteries. it is located at the end of the first part of the anterior cerebral arteries where they become adjacent to one another in the interhemispheric fissure. This artery can shunt blood from one side to the other of the \"circle of Willis\".";
labels["A23"] = "Ascending frontal artery";
descs["A23"] = "The ascending frontal artery is a branch of the middle cerebral that emanates from the lateral (Sylvian) fissure and supplies the region of the precentral gyrus, usually including Broca's area in the dominant hemisphere.";
labels["A24"] = "Angular artery";
descs["A24"] = "The angular artery is the direct posterior continuation of the middle cerebral artery. it emanates from the posterior point of the lateral (Sylvian) fissure and initially supplies the area of the angular gyrus before distributing to adjacent parts of the posterior parietal and temporal lobes.";
labels["A25"] = "Anterior choroidal artery";
descs["A25"] = "The anterior choroidal artery is a small, but important branch of the last part of the internal carotid artery, usually arising between the origin of the posterior cerebral artery and the terminal division f the internal carotid. It follows the optic tract and supplies part of the globus pallidus, internal capsule, crus cerebri, amygdala and often some posterior thalamus before ending in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle.";
labels["A26"] = "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)";
descs["A26"] = "The anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a lateral branch from the basilar artery shortly after it arises from the union of the vertebral arteries. In addition to supplying the lateral brain stem and some of the cerebellum, it often gives rise to the labyrinthian artery to the inner ear.";
labels["A27"] = "Anterior cerebral artery branches";
descs["A27"] = "The anterior cerebral artery branches appear on the medial aspect of the hemisphere. There are frontal and parietal branches, as well as branches to the anterior part of the corpus callosum. The ends of these branches often appear on the superior part of the lateral hemisphere and have small anastamotic connections with the lateral hemispheric branches of the middle cerebral artery.";
labels["B01"] = "Basal forebrain";
descs["B01"] = "The basal forebrain is a region ventral to the anterior commissure that contains many subnuclei including the nucleus basalis (Meynert) that contains neurons producing acetylcholine and the ventral  pallidum (part of an emotional modulating system by being part of the \"mesolimbic dopamine reward system\").";
labels["B02"] = "Basal pons";
descs["B02"] = "The large bulge in the base of the pons that contains nuclei relaying information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle.";
labels["B03"] = "Basilar artery";
descs["B03"] = "The basilar artery is formed at the rostral end of the medulla from the two vertebral arteries and ends by bifrucating into the posterior cerebral arteries. It gives rise to penetrating arteries of the pons and midbrain and to short and long circumferential arteries (including the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the superior cerebellar artery).";
labels["B04"] = "Body of corpus callosum";
descs["B04"] = "The body of corpus callosum is the location of commissural fibers connecting the parietal lobes and some of the frontal lobes to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere.";
labels["B05"] = "Brachium of the inferior colliculus";
descs["B05"] = "The brachium of the inferior colliculus is a tract conveying auditory signals from the inferior colliculi to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.";
labels["B06"] = "Bridging vein";
descs["B06"] = "Bridging veins are the surface cortical veins that \"bridge\" across the subarachnoid space to drain into the venous dural sinuses.";
labels["B07"] = "Buccinator muscle";
descs["B07"] = "The buccinator muscle is a muscle of facial expression that arises from the stylomandibular raphe and comprises the main muscle in the cheek.";
labels["B08"] = "Buccal fat pad";
descs["B08"] = "The buccal fat pad fills out the cheek and, in the infant, stiffens the cheek so that the tongue can be employed as a piston in sucking. It disappears during starvation or cachexia, giving a \"gaunt\" look.";
labels["B09"] = "Buccal branch of the trigmeinal";
descs["B09"] = "There is a buccal branch of the trigeminal nerve that arises from the mandibular branch and supplies somatic sensation to the cheek region.";
labels["B10"] = "Basal cistern";
descs["B10"] = "The basal cistern is the collection of cerebrospinal fluid at the base of the brain. Most of the large vessels to the cerebral cortex pass through this region.";
labels["B11"] = "Basal cerebral vein (Rosenthal)";
descs["B11"] = "The basal cerebral vein (Rosenthal) receives some communication from the middle cerebral vein and drains posteriorward around the midbrain, receiving tributaries from medial temporal structures and the mid-brain.";
labels["B12"] = "Bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery";
descs["B12"] = "The \"bifurcation\" of the middle cerebral artery is the first site of major branching from the MCA. This defines the end of the M1 segment. The appearance here is most often of a bifurcation but there is frequently an immediate second division, giving the appearance of a \"trifurcation\". The first division is into a superior and an inferior division. The superior division usually gives rise to cortical branches including the orbitofrontal, prefrontal, precentral, central, and anterior parietal branches. The inferior division usually gives rise to posterior parietal, middle temporal, posterior temporal, temporo-occipital, and angular arteries.";
labels["C01"] = "Calcarine sulcus";
descs["C01"] = "The calcarine sulcus is on the medial aspect of the occipital lobe. The primary visual cortex is located on the banks of this sulcus. It runs from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pole of the occipital lobe.";
labels["C02"] = "Caudate nucleus";
descs["C02"] = "The caudate nucleus major component of the basal ganglia. It receives input from the cerebral cortex and substantia nigra. Most of its output is to the globus pallidus. It is heavily involved in motor control. It has a head, a body and a tail that follows the sweep of the lateral ventricle.";
labels["C03"] = "Cavernous sinus";
descs["C03"] = "The cavernous sinus is the venous dural sinus located on either side of the hypophyseal fossa (pituitary gland). The internal carotid artery courses through it and several of the cranial nerves (trigeminal and the nerve to eye muscles) are in close proximity to it.";
labels["C04"] = "Central canal";
descs["C04"] = "The central canal is the remnant of the neural tube, connects the third ventricle to the 4th ventricle & contains CSF. It passes through the midbrain.";
labels["C05"] = "Central gray matter";
descs["C05"] = "The central gray extends through the brainstem and is invloved in autonomic reflexes and pain control mechanisms.";
labels["C06"] = "Central sulcus";
descs["C06"] = "The central sulcus defines the border of the precentral (primary motor) and postcentral (primary sensory) gyri. It usually doesn't quite reach the lateral fissure inferiorly, while it usually extends over the dorsal aspect of the hemisphere onto its medial side.";
labels["C07"] = "Central tegmental tract (bundle)";
descs["C07"] = "The central tegmental tract (bundle) is a pathway that provides reciprocal connections between structures in the midbrain and more caudal levels of the nervous system.";
labels["C08"] = "Centromedian thalamic nucleus";
descs["C08"] = "The centromedian thalamic nucleus is the largest of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. It is different than other thalamic nuclei since it has reciprocal connection with the basal ganglia and probably plays a role mainly in motor control.";
labels["C09"] = "Centrum semiovale";
descs["C09"] = "The centrum semiovale is the white matter within the cerebral hemispheres. This contains fibers leaving and entering the cerebral cortex as well as nerve fibers that interconnect cortical regions on the same side of the brain (association fibers) or connect with the opposite hemisphere (commissural fibers).";
labels["C10"] = "Cerebellar hemisphere";
descs["C10"] = "The cerebellar hemispheres are the large portions of the cerebellum lateral to the vermis that are involved in control and learning of various voluntary motions but also may be involved in other elements of learning as well as emotional response.";
labels["C11"] = "Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)";
descs["C11"] = "The cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) conveys cerebrospinal fluid from the 3rd ventricle through the midbrain to the 4th ventricle.";
labels["C12"] = "Cerebral cortex";
descs["C12"] = "The cerebral cortex is the gray matter covering of the cerebral hemispheres.";
labels["C13"] = "Chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal";
descs["C13"] = "The chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal is the termination of most of the well-localized touch and pressure nerve fibers in the trigeminal nerve. It is the trigeminal equivalent of the dorsal column nuclei.";
labels["C14"] = "Choroid plexus";
descs["C14"] = "The choroid plexi are the vascular structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid that fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space. The CSF is produced actively and there is a barrier between blod and CSF.";
labels["C15"] = "Cingulate gyrus";
descs["C15"] = "The cingulate gyrus is a limbic portion of the cortex that follows the curve of the corpus callosum. It is involved in regulation of mood as well as emotional reactivity and \"tone\".";
labels["C16"] = "Cingulate sulcus";
descs["C16"] = "The cingulate sulcus demarcates the superior aspect of the cingulate gyrus.";
labels["C17"] = "Cingulum/isthmus";
descs["C17"] = "The cingulum (isthmus) is a region posterior to the splenium of the corpus callosum that stretches between the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri. The cingulum is a white matter pathway that runs within this gyrus on its way from the cingulate gyrus to the parahippocampal gyrus.";
labels["C18"] = "Cisterna magna";
descs["C18"] = "The cisterna magna is a large collection of cerebrospinal fluid in the angle between the upper spinal cord, inferior aspect of the cerebellum and the occiput.";
labels["C19"] = "Claustrum";
descs["C19"] = "The claustrum is a rind of gray matter just lateral to the putamen, of uncertain function.";
labels["C20"] = "Cochlea";
descs["C20"] = "The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear.";
labels["C21"] = "Collateral sulcus";
descs["C21"] = "The collateral sulcus demarcates the lateral aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus. It is continuous rostrally with the rhinal sulcus, which is lateral to the uncus.";
labels["C22"] = "Commissure of the inferior colliculus";
descs["C22"] = "The commissure of the inferior colliculus connects the two inferior colliculi and provides one of several places where auditory signals can become bilateral.";
labels["C23"] = "Corpus callosum";
descs["C23"] = "The corpus callosum is the very large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.";
labels["C24"] = "Cortical efferent nerve fibers";
descs["C24"] = "Cortical efferent nerve fibers are nerve fibers arising in the cerebral cortex and terminating in the spinal cord (corticospinal or pyramidal) or brain stem (corticobulbar).";
labels["C25"] = "Crus cerebri (cerebral peduncle)";
descs["C25"] = "The crus cerebri (cerebral peduncle) is the major bundle of nerve fibers leaving the cerebral cortex enroute to the brain stem (corticobulbar) or spinal cord (corticospinal).";
labels["C26"] = "Cuneus";
descs["C26"] = "The cuneus is a cortical region, located just superior to the calcarine sulcus on the medial aspect of the occipital lobe. It includes the primary visual cortex for the inferior part of the visual world as well as some of the visual association area.";
labels["C27"] = "Cochlear nuclei";
descs["C27"] = "The cochlear nuclei are the termination of the auditory nerve fibers that arise in the cochlea. The neurons in the cochlear nuclei are the projection neurons whose fibers comprise the second order sensory neurons in the auditory pathway. These fibers will take several pathways. Some will terminate in the superior olivary nucleus. Some will decussate in the trapezoid body and follow the lateral lemniscus. Some will cross in the stria medullaris of the fourth ventricle. The cochlear nuclei comprise the accoustic tubercle that can be seen grossly on the dorsal aspect of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.";
labels["C28"] = "Commissure of the superior colliculus";
descs["C28"] = "The commissure of the superior colliculus is a connection between the superior colliculi.";
labels["C29"] = "Cerebellothalamic fibers";
descs["C29"] = "Cerebellothalamic fibers, for the most part, are axons arising in the dentate nucleus and projecting to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Damage would produce severe incoordination of the contralateral side of the body.";
labels["C30"] = "Commissure of the superior colliculus";
descs["C30"] = "The commissure of the superior colliculus are nerve fibers connecting the superior colliculi on the two sides.";
labels["C31"] = "Cerebellar tonsil";
descs["C31"] = "Cerebellar tonsils are the portion of the cerebellum that is indented by the margins of the foramen magnum. If the cerebellum is pushed inferiorward by a mass or by pressure from above, this is the part of the cerebellum that will push down into the spinal canal, possibly destroying the upper cervical spinal cord (tonsilar hernation).";
labels["C32"] = "Carotid sinus nerve";
descs["C32"] = "The carotid sinus nerve is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve that extends caudally through the neck between the internal and external carotid arteries to reach the carotid sinus (baroreceptor) and carotid body (chemoreceptor) that is located at the carotid bifrucation.";
labels["C33"] = "Confluence of sinuses";
descs["C33"] = "The confluence of sinuses if the location where the superior sagittal and straight sinuses meet. Blood flows away from this site in the two transverse sinuses. It is located against the inside of the skull at the location marked on the outside of the skull by the external occipital protuberance.";
labels["C34"] = "Cortical (cerebral) vein";
descs["C34"] = "The cortical (cerebral) veins are valveless and provide the drainage for the superficial portions of the cerebral cortex and the superficial portions of the brain.";
labels["C35"] = "Carotid siphon";
descs["C35"] = "The carotid siphon is the term often applied to the part of the internal carotid artery that takes an \"S\" shaped course lateral to the sella turcica, in the region of the cavernous sinus.";
labels["C36"] = "Callosomarginal artery";
descs["C36"] = "The callosomarginal artery is one of the terminal branches of the anterior cerebral artery (the dorsal one). This artery follows the course of the cingulate sulcus, at the dorsal aspect of the cingulate gyrus. It ends in the parietal lobe after giving off branches to the medial frontal lobe.";
labels["C37"] = "Candelabra of middle cerebral artery branches";
descs["C37"] = "The \"candelabra\" of the middle cerebral artery are a radiographic appearance on lateral angiograms where the temporal branches from the MCA reach their most superior position before emerging from the lateral fissure to reach the lateral temporal hemisphere. This site defines the location of the lateral fissure on lateral angiographs.";
labels["D01"] = "Dentate nucleus";
descs["D01"] = "The dentate nucleus is a deep cerebellar nucleus that receives input from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres (neocerebellum) and makes output through the superior cerebellar peduncle mostly to the VL of the thalamus. This is critical for limb coordination.";
labels["D02"] = "Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (Schultz)";
descs["D02"] = "The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (Schultz) is a pathway that runs the length of the brainstem through the periventricular gray matter that principally conveys nerve fibers controlling autonomic functions from the hypothalamus to brainstem nuclei.";
labels["D03"] = "Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve";
descs["D03"] = "The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve contains parasympathetic motor neurons for the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. It is rostrally continuous with the salivatory nuclei, which sends fibers into CNIX and CNVII.";
labels["D04"] = "Dorsomedial (mediodorsal) thalamic nucleus";
descs["D04"] = "The dorsomedial (mediodorsal) thalamic nucleus is part of the thalamus that connects to limbic (primitive) areas of the cerebral cortex. It appears to have some role in attention and in memory.";
labels["D05"] = "Dorsal root ganglion";
descs["D05"] = "The DRG is the location of the cell bodies of sensory nerve fibers in the peripheral nerves. The cells are \"pseudounipolar\" with an axon conveying sensory signals into the cell from the periphery and a second axon conveying these signals into the central nervous system. These axons are attached to the same portion of the neuron.";
labels["D06"] = "Dura matter";
descs["D06"] = "The dura matter is the thickest of the meningeal coverings over the brain and spinal cord. it adheres directly to the inside of the skull and the borders of the upper cervical vertebrae, but is not attached to the vertebrae over most of its length. It ends around the S2 level as a blind sac. In the head, it contains passages for venous blood (the venous dural sinuses).";
labels["D07"] = "Depressor anguli oris";
descs["D07"] = "The depressor anguli oris is a muscle of facial expression that attaches to the inferior aspect of the orbicularis oris muscle at the corner of the mouth and pulls down on the corner of the mouth. It is innervated by the facial nerve.";
labels["D08"] = "Dens (odontoid process)";
descs["D08"] = "The dens (odontoid process) is an upward process from the C2 vertebrae (axis) that articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas on its anterior side and with the transverse ligament on its posterior side. It permits rotation between the aC1 and C2.";
labels["D09"] = "Diploic space";
descs["D09"] = "The diploic space is the space between the inner and outer tables of the skull that contains bone marrow.";
labels["E01"] = "Ethmoid air cells";
descs["E01"] = "The ethmoid air cells are part of the system of paranasal sinuses.";
labels["E02"] = "External capsule";
descs["E02"] = "The external capsule consists of white matter that separates the claustrum from the putamen.";
labels["E03"] = "External (outer) ear";
descs["E03"] = "The external ear begins at the auricle on the side of the head and procedes to the tympanic membrane through the external acoustic meatus.";
labels["E04"] = "External (lateral) cuneate nucleus";
descs["E04"] = "The external (lateral) cuneate nucleus consists of a group of neurons that receive proprioceptive (muscle stretch and tension) information from the upper limb and give rise to a tract (cuneocerebellar tr.) that courses through the ipsilateral restiform body to the spinocerebellum.";
labels["E05"] = "External medullary lamina";
descs["E05"] = "The external medullary lamina is a capsule of nerve fibers lateral to the thalamus, which contains nerve fibers entering and leaving the thalamus.";
labels["E06"] = "Extraocular muscles";
descs["E06"] = "The extraocular muscles are muscles that move the eyeball. They include the superior and inferior oblique muscles and the lateral, medial, superior and inferior recti. The levator plapebrae superioris muscle is often included.";
labels["E07"] = "Extreme capsule";
descs["E07"] = "The extreme capsule is white matter just deep to the insula that separates the insula from the claustrum.";
labels["E08"] = "Eyeball";
descs["E08"] = "This is the eyeball.";
labels["E09"] = "Edinger-Westphal nucleus";
descs["E09"] = "The Edinger-Westphal nucleus contains the preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons that are going to innervate the cilliary muscle (make the lens round) and the constrictor of the pupil.";
labels["E10"] = "Epiglottic valleculae";
descs["E10"] = "The epiglottic valleculae are the region anterior to the epiglottis and posterior to the tongue.";
labels["E11"] = "Epiglottis";
descs["E11"] = "The epiglottis is the leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward into the oropharynx from the anterior aspect of the larynx.";
labels["E12"] = "External carotid artery";
descs["E12"] = "The external carotid artery is on of the terminal branches of the common carotid artery and is the origin for most of the arteries to the face, oral cavity, nose, pharynx and larynx.";
labels["E13"] = "Epidural space";
descs["E13"] = "The epidural space is the space filled by veins and fat that is located between the dura and the vertebral canal of the spine.";
labels["E14"] = "External jugular vein";
descs["E14"] = "The external jugular vein begins with contributions from the retromandibular and superficial temporal veins and passes caudally to reach the subclavian vein, coursing through the neck superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.";
labels["E15"] = "External auditory meatus";
descs["E15"] = "The external auditory (acoustic) meatus is the canal that passes medialward from the pinna of the ear toward the tympanic membrane, where it ends.";
labels["F01"] = "Facial nerve";
descs["F01"] = "The seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) follows a long course in the pons, wrapping around the abducens nucleus (the internal genu) and contributing to a bump in the floor of the fourth ventricle (the facial colliculus). It exits the brain stem laterally at the junction between the medulla and pons. It innervates the muscles of facial expression, taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and glands (in nose, lacrimal and parotid.";
labels["F02"] = "Facial nucleus";
descs["F02"] = "The facial nucleus contains motor neurons of the facial nerve.  These innervate the muscles of facial expression. Those neurons going to the lower face receive cortical projections from the contralateral motor cortex, those projecting to the upper face receive projections from both motor cortices.";
labels["F03"] = "Fasciculus cuneatus";
descs["F03"] = "The fasciculus cuneatus is a tract (part of the dorsal columns) that contains the central process of large-diameter primary sensory nerve fibers conveying vibration sense, well-localized touch and conscious proprioception from the arms.";
labels["F04"] = "Fasciculus gracilis";
descs["F04"] = "The fasciculus gracilis is a tract (part of the dorsal columns) that contains the central process of large-diameter primary sensory nerve fibers conveying vibration sense, well-localized touch and conscious proprioception from the legs.";
labels["F05"] = "Falx cerebri";
descs["F05"] = "The falx cerebri is a fold of dura matter in the sagittal plane that separates the two hemispheres.";
labels["F06"] = "Fastigeal nucleus";
descs["F06"] = "The fastigeal nucleus is a deep cerebellar nucleus that receives input from the cerebellar vermis and connects to the brainstem reticular formation and vestibular nuclei via pathways in both the superior and inferior peduncles.";
labels["F07"] = "Fimbria of fornix";
descs["F07"] = "The fimbria of fornix are the fibers that are leaving the hippocampus to enter the fornix.";
labels["F08"] = "Flocculus";
descs["F08"] = "The flocculus is an ancient part of the cereblllum (archicerebellum) dealing with vestibular control and the regulation of vestibulo-occular reflexes.";
labels["F09"] = "Foramen of Monroe";
descs["F09"] = "The interventricular foramen of Monroe is the pathway for flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.";
labels["F10"] = "Fornix";
descs["F10"] = "The fornix is a pathway connecting the hippocampi with the septal nuclei and the hypothalamus (particularly mamillary bodies).";
labels["F11"] = "Fourth ventricle";
descs["F11"] = "The fourth ventricle is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled chamber between the cerebellum and the brain stem that communicates rostrally with the cerebral aqueduct, caudally with the central canal and with the subarachnoid space via the foramina of Luschka and Magendie.";
labels["F12"] = "Facial artery";
descs["F12"] = "The facial artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies most of the blood to the face by passing around the inferior margin of the mandible (where it's pulse can be felt) and then lateral to the mouth toward the angle between the nose and face. It gives rise to the superior and inferior labial branches and ends as the angular artery.";
labels["F13"] = "Facial vein";
descs["F13"] = "The facial vein roughly parallels the facial artery. It drain blood from the face but has no valves, so blood can pass to orbital veins. Usually, blood drains caudally through the vein which becomes quite superficial over the submandibular gland. It usually joins with the retromandibular fein to make the common facial vein, which (in turn) drains mostly into the internal jugular vein with some contribution to the external jugular.";
labels["F14"] = "Frontal lobes";
descs["F14"] = "The frontal lobes contain the precentral gyrus (immediately anterior to the central sulcus), the premotor cortex (anterior to the precentral gyrus, involved in planning, patterning and initiating movement) and the prefrontal cortex (anterior to the premotor cortex). The prefrontal cortex includes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (involved in executive functions such as immediate recall, planning and organizing activities and divided attention tasks) and the orbitomedial frontal cortex (personality, motivation and mood).";
labels["F15"] = "Frontal bone";
descs["F15"] = "The frontal bone is an unpaired bone of the skull that makes up the roof of the orbit (which is also the floor of the anterior cranial fossa) and the forehead up to the coronal suture (where it meets the parietal bones).";
labels["F16"] = "Frontal sinus";
descs["F16"] = "The frontal sinuses are paranasal sinuses that drain into the middle meatus of the nose (beneath the middle meatus).";
labels["G01"] = "Genu of corpus callosum";
descs["G01"] = "The genu of corpus callosum is the anterior bend of the corpus callosum. It is mostly comprised of commissural fibers connecting the two frontal lobes.";
labels["G02"] = "Genu of internal capsule";
descs["G02"] = "The genu of the internal capsule is a portion of the internal capsule that contains fibers from the precentral gyrus that control movements of the head and face. The internal capsule is the bundle of fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with other portions of the brain and connecting the thalamus with the cerebral cortex.";
labels["G03"] = "Globose and emboliform nuclei";
descs["G03"] = "The globose and emboliform nuclei (AKA, interposed nuclei) are deep cerebellar nuclei that receive input from the intermediate zone of the cerebellum, esp. spinocerebellum, and makes output through the superior cerebellar peduncle mostly to the red nucleus.";
labels["G04"] = "Globus pallidus";
descs["G04"] = "The globus pallidus is a major component of the basal ganglia. It has two parts (lateral & medial or external & internal). It recieves input from the caudate and putamen (striatum). The lateral part projects to the subthalamic nucleus, the medial to the thalamic VA and VL.";
labels["G05"] = "Granule cell layer";
descs["G05"] = "The granule cell layer is the layer of the cerebellar cortex containing granule cells upon which mossy fibers terminate.";
labels["G06"] = "Great cerebral vein of Galen";
descs["G06"] = "The great cerebral vein (of Galen) is the vein that drains the majority of the deep structures of the brain. It empties into the beginning of the straight sinus.";
labels["G07"] = "Gyrus rectus";
descs["G07"] = "The gyrus rectus is the small gyrus medial to the olfactory groove (sulcus) that contains the course of the olfactory tract.";
labels["G08"] = "Glossopharyngeal nerve";
descs["G08"] = "This is the glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve IX. It leaves the brain stem in the postolovary sulcus.";
labels["G09"] = "Gray matter of cortex";
descs["G09"] = "This is the gray matter covering the cerebral cortex.";
labels["G10"] = "Genioglossus muscle";
descs["G10"] = "The genioglossus muscle arises from the posterior side of the mandible and inserts on the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve and serves mainly to protrude the tongue.";
labels["G11"] = "The gums.";
descs["G11"] = "The gums cover the alveolar process of bone that provide the sockets for the teeth.";
labels["H01"] = "Habenular nucleus";
descs["H01"] = "The habenular nuclei protrude into the third ventricle. They are at the posterior aspect of the stria medullaris thalami and provide a relay for information from the forebrain to the brain stem interpeduncular nuclei.";
labels["H02"] = "Habenulo-interpeduncular tract";
descs["H02"] = "The habenulo-interpeduncular tract tract arises from the habenular nuclei and terminates in the interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. It is part of a pathway that connects the forebrain with the brain stem.";
labels["H03"] = "Hippocampus";
descs["H03"] = "The hippocampus is in the medial temporal lobe and is critical to short term memory and orientation to place.";
labels["H04"] = "Hypoglossal nerve";
descs["H04"] = "These are hypoglossal nerve fibers, which will exit the brain at the preolivary sulcus of the medulla.";
labels["H05"] = "Hypoglossal nucleus";
descs["H05"] = "The hypoglossal nucleus contains motor neurons for the hypoglossal nerve.";
labels["H06"] = "Hypothalamus";
descs["H06"] = "The hypothalamus is the principal area of integration of behavioral, autonomic and endocrine response to emotional stimuli. It is also involved in feeding, sexual function, and various aspects of homeostasis.";
labels["H07"] = "Hypothalamic sulcus";
descs["H07"] = "The hypothalamic sulcus is a groove in the wall of the third ventricle that defines the line between the thalamus and the hypothalamus.";
labels["H08"] = "Hyoid bone";
descs["H08"] = "The hyoid bone is the \"U\" shaped bone that has no direct articulations with any other bones. it is attached to the larynx below and to the styloid process and several muscles of the tongue and upper neck above. Its posterior aspect attaches to the middle pharyngeal constrictor.";
labels["H09"] = "Hard palate";
descs["H09"] = "The hard palate is the bony separation between the nasal and oral cavities. The anterior aspect is comprised of the palatine processes of the maxillary bone while the posterior part is comprised of processes of the palatine bones.";
labels["H10"] = "Hyoglossus muscle";
descs["H10"] = "The hyoglossus muscle arises from the hyoid bone and inserts on the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve and will pull the tongue to the floor of the mouth.";
labels["I01"] = "Inferior colliculus";
descs["I01"] = "The inferior colliculus is an important relay center for auditory information.";
labels["I02"] = "Inferior olivary nucleus";
descs["I02"] = "The inferior olivary nucleus is the origin for all cerebellar climbing fibers. This is a relay that receives input from all areas of the motor system (from cortex to spinal cord) and relays this to the cerebellum. Heavily involved in coordination of voluntray movements.";
labels["I03"] = "Inferior olive";
descs["I03"] = "The inferior olive makes this bulge on the ventrolateral medulla. This nucleus is an important precerebellar nucleus and is the origin for cerebellar climbing fibers.";
labels["I04"] = "Inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body).";
descs["I04"] = "The inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) is a bundle of fibers connecting the medulla to the cerebellum, through which olivocerebellar, vestibulocerebellar and almost all spinocerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum. Some projections from the fastigeal nucleus of the cerebellum reach the brainstem through this peduncle.";
labels["I05"] = "Inferior petrosal sinus";
descs["I05"] = "The inferior petrosal sinus is a venous dural sinus that connects the cavernous sinus with the end of the sigmoid sinus, just as it becomes the internal jugular vein.";
labels["I06"] = "Inferior sagittal sinus";
descs["I06"] = "The inferior sagittal sinus is a venous dural sinus that is located in the free margin of the falx cerebri.";
labels["I07"] = "Inferior temporal gyrus";
descs["I07"] = "This is the inferior temporal gyrus. Damage to the posterior part of this gyrus produces prosopagnosia (the inability to recognize faces).";
labels["I08"] = "Insular cortex (insula, isle of Reil)";
descs["I08"] = "The insular cortex (insula, isle of Reil) is a portion of the cerebral cortex located in the depths of the lateral fissure and is just lateral to the globus pallidus. This appears to be \"limbic\" or \"visceral\" cortex involved in control of certain aspects (mostly involuntary) of emotional response.";
labels["I09"] = "Internal acoustic meatus";
descs["I09"] = "The internal acoustic meatus is the passageway for nerve fibers of cranial nerves VIII and VII. It ends laterally in the inner ear.";
labels["I10"] = "Internal arcuate fibers";
descs["I10"] = "Internal arcuate fibers are decussating second order sensory fibers arising from neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (nucleus cuneatus and gracilis). These fibers will terminate in the VPL of the thalamus and convey well-localized touch, vibration and joint position sense.";
labels["I11"] = "Internal capsule";
descs["I11"] = "The internal capsule separates the thalamus from the lenticular nuclei posteriorly and the caudate from the putamen anteriorly. It contains the vast majority of nerve fibers leaving the cerebral cortex on their way to brain stem (corticobulbar) or spinal cord (corticospinal). The internal capsule also contains nerve fibers reciprocally connecting the cerebral cortex to the thalamus.";
labels["I12"] = "Internal carotid artery";
descs["I12"] = "The internal carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery at the carotid sinus. It ascends the neck to reach the skull and passes obliquely through the carotid canal. It passes through the cavernous sinus immediately lateral to the sella turcica and pituitary gland. An \"S\" shaped course brings it to the anterior clinoid process, where it emerges from the sinus. It passes just posterior to the optic nerve (where it would give off the ophthalmic a.) and ends by dividing into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries.";
labels["I13"] = "Internal medullary lamina";
descs["I13"] = "The internal medullary lamina is comprised of nerve fibers passing through the thalamus. They assume a \"Y\" shape when observed from the dorsal aspect of the thalamus, dividing the thalamus into a medial, a lateral and an anterior nuclear group.";
labels["I14"] = "Internal jugular vein";
descs["I14"] = "The internal jugular vein is a large vein that is continuous with the sigmoid sinus and drains the vast majority of blood from the brain.";
labels["I15"] = "Internal thalamic vein";
descs["I15"] = "The internal thalamic vein is a vein draining deep structures of the diencephalon.";
labels["I16"] = "Interpeduncular fossa";
descs["I16"] = "The interpeduncular fossa is the fossa between the cerebral peduncles from which the oculomotor nerve emanates.";
labels["I17"] = "Inferior salivatory nucleus";
descs["I17"] = "The inferior salivatory nucleus is the origin for general viscereal efferent (parasympathetic) nerve fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve. They go to the paroitid gland primarily.";
labels["I18"] = "Interpeduncular nucleus";
descs["I18"] = "The interpeduncular nucleus receives most of its input from the habenular nuclei (habenulointerpeduncular tract) and is believed to provide one pathway for limbic control of some brain stem functions, such as autonomic reactions to emotional stimuli. It is located between the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain.";
labels["I19"] = "Intralaminar nuclei";
descs["I19"] = "The intralaminar nuclei are nuclei in the center of the thalamus, surrounded by divisions of the internal medullary lamina (thus, intralaminar). These nuclei project broadly to the cortex. They are involved with many functions. The centromedian nucleus is an intralaminar nucleus that is more involved with extrapyramidal motor function. Many of the other intralaminar nuclei are involved in alerting and arousal responses.";
labels["I20"] = "Inferior alviolar nerve";
descs["I20"] = "The inferior alviolar nerve is a branch of the manbibular division of the trigeminal nerve that enters the mandible at the mandibular foramen. It provides the sensory innervation of the lower teeth and ends by leaving the anterior part of the mandible through the mental foramen (as the mental nerve). the Mental nerve supplies somatic sensation to the lower lip and chin region.";
labels["I21"] = "Inferior nasal concha";
descs["I21"] = "The inferior nasal concha (turbinate) bone is covered by mucoperiosteum and increases surface ares of the nasal passages to warm and humidify air. It is a separate bone that attaches to the maxillary bone that makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.";
labels["I22"] = "Infraorbital nerve";
descs["I22"] = "The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that courses through a canal in the very thin o[portion of the maxillary bone that separates the maxillary sinus from the orbit. It emanates from the infraorbital foramen onto the face, supplying the region of the anterior face from the upper lip to the lower eyelid (including much of the lateral part of the external nose).";
labels["I23"] = "Interhemispheric fissure";
descs["I23"] = "The interhemispheric fissure is the space in between the left and right hemispheres. In situ, it is the site of the falx cerebri.";
labels["I24"] = "Infundibulum";
descs["I24"] = "The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped projection from the inferior part of the hypothalamus that connects to the pituitary gland. It has also been called the stalk of the pituitary.";
labels["I25"] = "Inferior anastamotic vein (vein of Labbe)";
descs["I25"] = "The inferior anastamotic vein (often referred to as the vein of Labbe) crosses the temporal to reach the end of the transverse sinus. It anastamoses with the superficial middle cerebral vein and the superior anastamotic vein and connects with many other cortical veins. Impairment of flow in this vein can lead to venous infarction.";
labels["I26"] = "Internal cerebral vein";
descs["I26"] = "The internal cerebral veins drain deeper structures of the cerebrum, receiving the thalamostriate veins and the septal veins. The two internal cerebral veins meet to form the great cerebral vein.";
labels["J01"] = "Jugular foramen";
descs["J01"] = "The jugular foramen is an opening between the petrous temporal bone and the occipital bone that permits passage of the internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve.";
labels["L01"] = "Lacrimal gland";
descs["L01"] = "The lacrimal gland is located in the superolateral aspect of the orbit and is responsible for producing the aqueous component of tears.";
labels["L02"] = "Lateral corticospinal tract";
descs["L02"] = "The lateral corticospinal tract arises in the precentral (motor) cortex and consists of nerve fibers (upper motor neurons) involved in control of skilled movements, particularly of the distal limbs.";
labels["L03"] = "Lateral geniculate";
descs["L03"] = "The lateral geniculate is a nucleus located at the posterior inferior aspect of the thalamus (metathalamus) that receives visual input from the contralateral part of the visual world and projects to the primary visual cortex. Damage would produce a contralateral homonomous hemianospia.";
labels["L04"] = "Lateral lemniscus";
descs["L04"] = "The lateral lemniscusis a tract conveys 2nd order (and other higher order) auditory fibers on the way to the inferior colliculus.";
labels["L05"] = "Lateral reticular nucleus";
descs["L05"] = "The lateral reticular nucleus is a collection of cells in the reticular formation of the ventrolateral medulla that relays to the cerebellum (i.e., functions as a precerebellar relay nucleus).";
labels["L06"] = "Lateral ventricle";
descs["L06"] = "The lateral ventricle is a chamber that contains cerebrospinal fluid. It drains into the third ventricle by the interventricular foramen of Monroe. It contains the largest concentration of choroid plexus that manufactures CSF.";
labels["L07"] = "Lens of eye";
descs["L07"] = "This is the lens of the eye.";
labels["L08"] = "Lenticular fasciculus";
descs["L08"] = "The lenticular fasciculus is a collection of fibers projecting from the globus pallidus to the VA/VL of the thalamus. These fibers pass through the ventral part of the internal capsule.";
labels["L09"] = "Lingual gyrus";
descs["L09"] = "The lingual gyrus is just inferior to the calcarine sulcus. This is the primary visual cortex for the superior part of the contralateral visual world.";
labels["L10"] = "Longus colli/longus capitus muscles";
descs["L10"] = "The longus colli/longus capitus muscles are immediately anterior to the spine and help flex the head and neck (or stabilize and resist extension).";
labels["L11"] = "Locus ceruleus";
descs["L11"] = "The locus ceruleus is the largest collection of noradrenergic neurons in the brain. These neurons are the source of norepinephrine in over 100 different brain regions. The later means \"blue spot\" since this area is pigmented in the unstained brain.";
labels["L12"] = "Lateral dorsal nucleus";
descs["L12"] = "The lateral dorsal nucleus is a thalamic nucleus that is considered to be an \"association\" nucleus. That is, it receives most of its input from association cortex and most of its output is back to the association cortex (especially the parietal lobe). It appears to have similar connections and functions to the anterior thalamic nucleus.";
labels["L13"] = "Lateral posterior nucleus";
descs["L13"] = "The lateral posterior nucleus is a thalamic nucleus that is considered to be an \"association\" nucleus. That is, it receives most of its input from association cortex and most of its output is back to the association cortex (especially the parietal lobe). It has similar connections and functions to the pulvinar.";
labels["L14"] = "Lingual nerve";
descs["L14"] = "The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve that courses to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue where it is necessary for detection of somatic sensation. In its course, it is joined by the chorda tympani that provides taste (sensory) fibers as well as some parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the submandibular gland.";
labels["L15"] = "Lamina";
descs["L15"] = "The lamina of the vertebrae comprise the portion that closes the posterior aspect of the vertebral canal, covering and protecting the back of the spinal cord. It also is the attachment for the spinous process. each lamina is attached to the one above and below by the ligamentum flavum.";
labels["L16"] = "Longissimus muscle";
descs["L16"] = "The longissimus muscles are a column of muscles that begin from the common origin of the errector spinae muscles from the dorsum of the sacrum and iliac crest and ascend the spine along the transverse processes. This group of muscles, which is part of the errector spinae system, has attachment to cervical transverse processes and its most superior attachment is to the skull.";
labels["L17"] = "Lateral mass of the atlas";
descs["L17"] = "The lateral mass of the atlas is the portion lateral to the vertebral canal, having articulations for the occipital condyles on its superior surface and for the superior articular facets of the axis on its inferior surface.";
labels["L18"] = "Lateral pterygoid muscle";
descs["L18"] = "The lateral pterygoid muscle is a muscle of mastication that arises from the lateral part of the lateral pterygoid plate and inserts on the condylar process and articular disc of the mandible. It is innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It functions to open the mouth by pulling anteriorward on the mandibular condyle (it can also protrude the lower jaw).";
labels["L19"] = "Levator anguli oris";
descs["L19"] = "The levator anguli oris is a muscle of facial expression that attaches to the superior aspect of the orbicularis oris muscle at the corner of the mouth and pulls up on the corner of the mouth. It is innervated by the facial nerve.";
labels["L20"] = "Levator (vali) palatine";
descs["L20"] = "The levator (vali) palatine is a muscle of the soft palate that arises mostly from the auditory tube and inserts on the other muscles of the soft palate. It elevates the soft palate in order to separate the oraopharynx and nasopharynx when swallowing and speaking.";
labels["L21"] = "Lambdoid suture.";
descs["L21"] = "The lambdoid suture is the line of articulation between the squama of the occiptal bone and the posterior part of the parietal bones (superiorly) and temporal bones (inferiorly).";
labels["L22"] = "Locus ceruleus";
descs["L22"] = "The locus ceruleus is a region in the rostral pons and caudal midbrain, immediately lateral to the periaqueductal gray matter, that contains neurons giving rise to most of the noradrenergic nerve fibers in the central nervous system. It is pigmented and has a slightly blue appearance (hence its name).";
labels["L23"] = "Lateral nuclear group of thalamus";
descs["L23"] = "The lateral nuclear group of the thalamus consists of a ventral and dorsal tier of subnuclei. The ventral tier has several \"specific\" nuclei, that relay and \"gate\" specific information making input to the cerebral cortes. These include, the ventral posterolateral nucleus (somatic sensation), the ventral posteromedial nucleus (somatic sensation from the head), the ventral lateral (cerebellum and basal ganglia), the ventral anterior (basal ganglia). The dorsal tier nuclei are association nuclei, receiving most of their input from the association regions of the cerebral cortex and project back to the cortex. The lateral dorsal (frontal lobes and cingulate cortex) and lateral posterior (posterior parietotemporal association cortex) nuclei are in the dorsal tier.";
labels["L24"] = "Lenticulostriate arteries";
descs["L24"] = "The lenticulostriate arteries are small penetrating arterial branches of the first part of the middle cerebral arteries. These supply deeper structures of the hemispheres including much of the basal ganglia and internal capsule. These arteries are frequent sources of intracerebral hemorrhage.";
labels["M01"] = "Mamillary bodies";
descs["M01"] = "The mamillary bodies appear as ventral appendages of the  posterior hypothalamus. They receive input from the hippocampus (via the fornix) and from other parts of the hypothalamus. They are a route for hypothalamic influence over rostral brainstem (mamillotegmental tract) and receives input from the fornix and makes output to the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus.";
labels["M02"] = "Mamillothalamic tract";
descs["M02"] = "The mamillothalamic tract connects the mamillary body to the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus.";
labels["M03"] = "Mandible";
descs["M03"] = "The mandible is the bone that comprises the lower jaw and articulates with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.";
labels["M04"] = "Massa intermedia (thalamic adhesion)";
descs["M04"] = "The massa intermedia is also called the thalamic adhesion and connects one thalamus with the other across the third ventricle. It does not appear to be critical to thalamic function.";
labels["M05"] = "Maxillary sinus";
descs["M05"] = "The maxillary sinus is one of the paranasal sinuses.";
labels["M06"] = "Medial geniculate";
descs["M06"] = "The medial geniculate is a thalamic nucleus located lateral and anterior to the midbrain and at the posterior-most part of the thalamus (metathalamus). It is a principal auditory relay site and projects to the primary auditory cortex (transverse gyrus of Heschel).";
labels["M07"] = "Medial lemniscus";
descs["M07"] = "The medial lemniscus is comprised of the second order sensory fibers arising from neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (cuneatus and gracilis). These nerve fibers are the continuation of the internal arcuate fibers and will terminate in the VPL of the thalamus and convey well-localized touch, vibration and joint position sense.";
labels["M08"] = "Medial longitudinal fasciculus";
descs["M08"] = "The MLF contains ascending fibers from the vestibular nuclei and eye movement areas (i.e., PPRF) and descending fibers from the superior colliculus (tectospinal), vestibular nuclei (medial vestibulospinal) and reticular formation (pontine reticulospinal) to the cervical spinal cord.";
labels["M09"] = "Medullary pyramid";
descs["M09"] = "The medullary pyramids are ridges located on either side of the midline on the ventral side of the medulla, containing fibers of the corticospinal tract.";
labels["M10"] = "Mesencephalic nucleus and tract of the trigeminal";
descs["M10"] = "The mesencephalic nucleus and tract of the trigeminal is the first order proprioceptive neurons and their processes entering the brain with the trigeminal nerve. The tract fibers are unique since they have not reached their sensory ganglion cells. The ganglion cells are located in the mesencephalic nucleus of V which is adjacent to the tract at the ventrolateral aspect of the periaqueductal gray matter.";
labels["M11"] = "Middle cerebellar peduncle";
descs["M11"] = "The middle cerebellar peduncles make up the bulk of the basal pons (the most obvious feature of the pons). Conveys afferent nerve fibers from the contralateral pontine nuclei to the cerebellum. This is mostly involved in communicating cerebral cortical activity to the cerebellum. Also known as the brachium pontis.";
labels["M12"] = "Middle cerebral artery";
descs["M12"] = "The middle cerebral artery is one of the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery. It runs laterally in the lateral fissure, with its branches supplying most of the lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobe.  Small perforating branches (such as lenticulostriate arteries) supply deep structures while there are numerous lateral cortical branches that emanate from the lateral fissure. The most consistent branches (basically listed from rostral to caudal) include: the orbitofrontal, prefrontal, precentral, central, and anterior parietal, middle temporal, posterior parietal, posterior temporal, temporo-occipital, and angular arteries.";
labels["M13"] = "Middle ear";
descs["M13"] = "The middle ear cavity contains the ossicular chain that conveys sound from the outer ear to the inner ear.";
labels["M14"] = "Middle frontal gyrus";
descs["M14"] = "The middle frontal gyrus is part of the lateral frontal lobe. The posterior part includes premotor areas (planning of movement) while the frontal eye fields and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are progressively more anterior. The latter is involved in strategic planning of higher motor and cognitive tasks. Lesions effect the ability to perform delayed spatial tasks.";
labels["M15"] = "Middle temporal gyrus";
descs["M15"] = "The middle temporal gyrus comprises much of the lateral temporal lobe. The posterior part (toward the occipital lobe) includes an area (MT) involved in detecting motion of objects.";
labels["M16"] = "Molecular layer";
descs["M16"] = "The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex is the layr closest to the surface, containing parallel fibers (from granule cells), the dendrites of Purkinji cells, stellate cells and basket cells.";
labels["M17"] = "Muscles of mastication";
descs["M17"] = "The muscles of mastication are muscles involved in chewing.";
labels["M18"] = "Medullary reticulospinal & Lateral vestibulospinal tracts";
descs["M18"] = "The medullary reticulospinal & Lateral vestibulospinal tracts descend the spinal cord in the area between the ventral funiculus and lateral funiculus. These tracts go to all spinal levels and are involved in regulating muscle tone. The lateral vestibulospinal tract particularly activates extensor motor neurons.";
labels["M19"] = "Midline thalmic nuclei";
descs["M19"] = "The midline thalmic nuclei, located adjacent to the third ventricle, have extensive connections with limbic cortex, similar to adjacent areas of the dorsomedial (mediodorsal) nuclei.";
labels["M20"] = "Mylohyoid muscle";
descs["M20"] = "The mylohyoid muscle arises form the mandible and inserts in a midline raphe. It is the floor of the mouth and separate it from the upper neck. It is innervated by the nerve to the mylohyoid (a branch of the inferior alviolar branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve).";
labels["M21"] = "Multifidus muscle";
descs["M21"] = "The multifidus muscle group is a series of muscles that are part of the transversospinalis muscles of the spine. They arise from the transverse processes and insert on the spinous process of a vertebrae several levels above their origin. They are segmentally innervated by posterior primary rami and can extend the spine or rotate it (if they act unilaterally).";
labels["M22"] = "Masseter muscle";
descs["M22"] = "The masseter muscle is a muscle of mastication that arises from the zygomtic arch and inserts on the lateral aspect of the ramus of the mandible. It mostly closes the jaw, but can deviate it slightly toward the side of contraction. It is innervated, like all of the muscle of mastication, by branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal.";
labels["M23"] = "Medial pterygoid muscle";
descs["M23"] = "The medial pterygoid muscle is a muscle of mastication that arises from the lateral aspect of the medial pterygoid plast and the medial side of the lateral pterygoid plate (the scaphoid fossa). It inserts on the medial aspect of the ramus of the mandible. It is involved in jaw closure but can deviate the jaw strongly away from the side of contraction. It is innervated, like all of the muscle of mastication, by branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal.";
labels["M24"] = "Mastoid air cells";
descs["M24"] = "The mastoid air cells are cavities within the temporal bone that are connected with the middle ear cavity.";
labels["M25"] = "Medulla";
descs["M25"] = "The medulla is the caudal-most part of the brain stem.";
labels["M26"] = "Maxillary bone";
descs["M26"] = "The maxillary bones are a pair of bones of the face that comprise most of the upper jaw, with processes that make up most of the floor of the orbit, the lateral nasal walls and the anterior part of the hard palate.";
labels["M27"] = "Mandibular nerve";
descs["M27"] = "The mandibular nerve is one of the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve that passes through the foramen ovale to reach the infratemporal fossa. It contains somatic sensory nerve fibers from the lower jaw, temporal region, cheek and anterior tongue. It is the only division that has motor nerve fibers (to the muscles of mastication). Its major branches include the inferior alviolar nerve, the lingual nerve, the auriculotemporal nerve and the buccal nerve.";
labels["M28"] = "Middle meningeal artery";
descs["M28"] = "The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the maxillary artery that passes through the foramen spinosum to enter the cranial cavity. It courses between the dura matter and the skull (where it is the most common cause of epidural hematomas).";
labels["M29"] = "Maxillary artery";
descs["M29"] = "The maxillary artery is the main continuation of the external carotid artery after the origin of its last branch (the superficial temporal artery). It gives rise to several branches before entering the pterygopalatine fossa, where its largest branches (the spenopalatine, infraorbital and descending palatine) arise.";
labels["M30"] = "Middle nasal concha";
descs["M30"] = "The middle nasal concha (turbinate) bone is covered by mucoperiosteum and increases surface area of the nasal passages to warm and humidify air. It is a projection of the maxillary bone (the bone that makes up the majority of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity).";
labels["M31"] = "Maxillary nerve";
descs["M31"] = "The maxiallry nerve is one of the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve. It passes through the foramen rotundum to reach the pterygopalatine fossa. It contains somatic sensory nerve fibers from the upper jaw, nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and just lateral to the orbit. Its major branches include the greater and lesser palatine, the posterior superior nasal nerves, the infraorbital nerve and the zygomatic nerve.";
labels["M32"] = "Midbrain tegmentum";
descs["M32"] = "The midbrain tegmentum is the \"core\" of the brain stem. It is mostly comprised of reticular formation and the various cranial nerve nuclei. The \"newer\" parts of the ventral brain stem are not included (such as the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain). Its dorsal limit is the ventricular system (the central canal in the midbrain).";
labels["M33"] = "Middle cerebral artery branches";
descs["M33"] = "The middle cerebral artery gives rise to many branches arising within the lateral fissure. Most of these arteries emanate from the lateral fissure onto the lateral aspect of the hemisphere. These branches supply most of the lateral aspect of the hemisphere. The most consistent branches (basically listed from rostral to caudal) include: the orbitofrontal, prefrontal, precentral, central, and anterior parietal, middle temporal, posterior parietal, posterior temporal, temporo-occipital, and angular arteries.";
labels["N01"] = "Nasal concha";
descs["N01"] = "The nasal concha are the structures (also called turbinates) that increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa to help warm and humidify inspired air";
labels["N02"] = "Nasal septum";
descs["N02"] = "The nasal septum is a bony and cartilaginous plate separating the two nasal passages.";
labels["N03"] = "Nodulus";
descs["N03"] = "Th nodulus is a primitive portion of the cerebellum (with the flocculus called archicerebellum) mostly involved in vestibular function.";
labels["N04"] = "Nucleus accumbens";
descs["N04"] = "The nucleus accumbens is the rostral/ventral portion of the striatum, where the putamen and the caudate nuclei meet. It is involved in the mesolimbic dopamine reward system, receiving input from the ventral tegmental area.";
labels["N05"] = "Nucleus ambiguus";
descs["N05"] = "The nucleus ambiguus is a difficult to define nucleus that contains the motor neurons to muscles of the pharynx, larynx and palate and that are contained in the CNIX, CNX and the cranial part of CNXI (which, in humans, travel in CNX).";
labels["N06"] = "Nucleus basalis";
descs["N06"] = "The nucleus basalis is a collection of neurons in the ventral forebrain, ventral to the anterior commissure, which contains many neurons producing acetylcholine for the cerebral cortex. This degenerates in Alzheimer's disease.";
labels["N07"] = "Nucleus centralis superioris";
descs["N07"] = "The nucleus centralis superioris is a raphe nucleus. It contains neurons that manufacture serotonin, an important neurotransmitter in sleep, depression, pain control and headache. The neurons have widespread ramifications within the nervous system, terminating in more than 100 nuclei and regions.";
labels["N08"] = "Nucleus gracilis";
descs["N08"] = "The nucleus gracilis is the termination of the dorsal columns (vibration, well-localized touch/pressure) from the lower limbs (the fascicullus gracilis). It is the origin of the medial lemniscus.";
labels["N09"] = "Nucleus cuneatus";
descs["N09"] = "The nucleus cuneatus is the termination of first order sensory fibers conveying well-localized touch, vibration & conscious proprioception from arms (the fascicullus cuneatus). It is the origin for many of the internal arcuate fibers that comprise the medial lemniscus.";
labels["N10"] = "Nucleus raphe magnus";
descs["N10"] = "The nucleus raphe magnus is a collection of cells at the midline of the brainstem that give rise to serotonin projection especially to the brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord. It contains neurons that manufacture serotonin, an important neurotransmitter in sleep, depression, pain control and headache.";
labels["N11"] = "Nerve root";
descs["N11"] = "The nerve roots are the nerve fibers leaving the spinal cord and continuing into the peripheral nerve. The dorsal roots consist of sensory fibers (afferent) and the ventral roots of motor nerve fibers (efferent).";
labels["N12"] = "Nasal septum";
descs["N12"] = "The nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities. it consists of cartilage (anteriorly and inferiorly) and bone (posteriorly and superiorly) and is covered by mucoperiosteum.";
labels["N13"] = "Nasal spine";
descs["N13"] = "The nasal spine is a bony prominence near the anterior, inferior opening of the nasal cavity.";
labels["N14"] = "Nasolacrimal duct";
descs["N14"] = "The nasolacrimal duct is the canal that conducts tears from the lacrimal sac at the medial canthus of the eye to the nasal cavity. this opens into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity (inferior to the inferior nasal concha).";
labels["N15"] = "Nasal cavity";
descs["N15"] = "The nasal cavity is the air passage that conveys air from the nares (nostrils) to the nasopharynx.";
labels["O01"] = "Obex";
descs["O01"] = "The obex is the caudal-most aspect of the 4th ventricle and it opens into the central canal.";
labels["O02"] = "Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus";
descs["O02"] = "The occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus includes temporal association areas anteriorly and visual association areas posteriorly.";
labels["O03"] = "Oculomotor nerve";
descs["O03"] = "The oculomotor nerve controls the activity of the medial, superior and inferior rectus muscles as well as the inferior oblique and levator palpebrae muscle. It also contains parasympathetic nerve fibers that control pupillary constriction and lens accommodation.";
labels["O04"] = "Oculomotor nucleus";
descs["O04"] = "The oculomotor nucleus contains the somatic motor neurons that exit in the oculomotor nerve and control the medial, inferior and superior rectus muscles along with the inferior oblique and levator palpebrae muscle.";
labels["O05"] = "Olfactory bulb";
descs["O05"] = "The olfactory bulb is the termination of olfactory filiments (passing through the cribiform plate) that convey olfactory signals. ";
labels["O06"] = "Olfactory tract";
descs["O06"] = "The olfactory tract is the pathway for transmission of olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory regions of the brain (in the anterior perforated substance and the area of the uncus of the temporal lobe).";
labels["O07"] = "Olivocerebellar fibers";
descs["O07"] = "The olivocerebellar fibers arise from the inferior olivary nucleus. They decussate, coursing through the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle (as the juxtarestiform body) to the cerebellar cortex. They terminate as climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex.";
labels["O08"] = "Opercular part, inferior frontal gyrus";
descs["O08"] = "The opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere (along with the triangular portion of the inferior frontal gyrus) is the motor area of language generation (Broca's area).";
labels["O09"] = "Optic chiasm";
descs["O09"] = "The optic chiasm is comprised of nerve fibers from ganglion cells in the nasal part of the retina that are crossing to the contralateral optic tract. Damage produces a bitemporal visual deficit.";
labels["O10"] = "Optic nerve";
descs["O10"] = "The optic nerve is the pathway for nerve fibers from the retina to the optic chiasm, where the nerve fibers from the medial retina cross to join those of the contralateral retina (to make the optic tract).";
labels["O11"] = "Optic radiations";
descs["O11"] = "The optic radiations are nerve fibers arising from the lateral geniculate nucleus and projecting to the visual cortex.";
labels["O12"] = "Optic tract";
descs["O12"] = "The optic tract contains nerve fibers from retinal ganglion cells that convey visual information from the contralateral visual world. It terminates in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.";
labels["O13"] = "Oral cavity";
descs["O13"] = "This is the region of the oral cavity";
labels["O14"] = "Orbital frontal cortex";
descs["O14"] = "The orbital frontal cortex is part of the granular prefrontal cortex involved in regulation of emotions, control of emotions and motivation. Damage will alter personality.";
labels["O15"] = "Occipital lobe";
descs["O15"] = "The occipital lobe of the brain contains most of the visual processing cortex, with the primary visual cortex on the medial side (surrounding the calcarine sulcus) and the visual association areas occupying most of the lateral hemispheres.";
labels["O16"] = "Orbicularis oris muscle";
descs["O16"] = "The orbicularis oris muscle is a muscle of facial expression that surrounds the mouth and closes the lips. As with all of the muscles of facial expression, it is innervated by the facial nerve.";
labels["O17"] = "Occipital condyle";
descs["O17"] = "The occipital condyles are convex articular prominences on the inferior aspect of the occipital bone immediately lateral to the foramen magnum. They articulate with the superior articular process of the atlas and mainly permit flexion-extension at the atlanto-occipital joint.";
labels["O18"] = "Occipital bone";
descs["O18"] = "The occipital bone is one of the unpaired skull bones the make up most of the posteroinferior aspect of the skull. It has a flat squama in the back and surrounds the foramen magnum. The occipital condyles are inferior projections lateral to this foramen and the basilar part of the occipital bone is anterior to the foramen.";
labels["O19"] = "Occipitalis muscle";
descs["O19"] = "The occipitalis muscle is a muscle that attaches to a dense band of connective tissue (the galea aponeurotica) that caps the skull and supports the scalp. It is innervated by facial nerve branches since it develops like the muscles of facial expression.";
labels["O20"] = "Orbital fat";
descs["O20"] = "The orbit is filled with orbital fat that surrounds all of the delicate structures of the orbit and supports the eyeballs. When this fat is expended (late in starvation or in cachexia), the eyeballs appear \"sunken\".";
labels["O21"] = "Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve";
descs["O21"] = "The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is the somatic sensory nerve that innervates the eye, forehead and upper part of the nasal cavity. The cillary branches go to the eyeball; the cilliary nerve, via anterior and posterior nasal nerves, go to the upper nasal cavity and ethmoid sinuses; and the frontal nerve goes to the forehead (via supraorbital and supratrochlear branches). ";
labels["O22"] = "Obliquus capitus superior";
descs["O22"] = "The obliquus capitus superior is a suboccipital muscle that attaches the transverse process of the atlas (C1) to the occiput. It is is innervated by the suboccipital nerve.";
labels["O23"] = "Ophthalmic artery";
descs["O23"] = "The ophthalmic artery arises from the internal carotid artery as it emanates from the cavernous sinus. This artery joins the optic nerve to enter the orbit through the optic canal.";
labels["P01"] = "Parahippocampal gyrus";
descs["P01"] = "The parahippocampal gyrus is bounded by the collateral sulcus laterally and the hippocampal sulcus medially, it ends rostrally in the uncus. Rostral to caudal: prepiriform (olfactory function), periamygdalar and entorhinal (declarative memory function) cortices.";
labels["P02"] = "Parieto-occipital sulcus";
descs["P02"] = "The parieto-occipital sulcus is seen on the medial aspect of the hemisphere, separating the paretal lobe from the occipital lobe.";
labels["P03"] = "Parotid gland";
descs["P03"] = "The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands";
labels["P04"] = "Periaqueductal gray";
descs["P04"] = "The periaqueductal gray is the collection of neurons around the cerebral aqueduct. Contains many neurons with opiate receptors and gives rise to pathways that activate endogenous pain suppression mechanisms.";
labels["P05"] = "Petrous temporal bone";
descs["P05"] = "The petrous temporal bone is the dense, hard portion of the temporal bone that contributes to the base of the skull and contains the inner ear.";
labels["P06"] = "Pharynx";
descs["P06"] = "This is the pharynx";
labels["P07"] = "Pineal gland";
descs["P07"] = "The pineal gland is a midline structure that frequently calcifies. It contains modified photoreceptor cells and secretes hormones such as melatonin in a rhythmic pattern that is dictated by the sympathetic innervation of the organ.";
labels["P08"] = "Pituitary gland";
descs["P08"] = "The pituitary gland is the midline structure located in the sella turcica that secretes a variety of hormones and releasing factors under the influence of the hypothalamus.";
labels["P09"] = "Pontine nuclei (pontine gray matter)";
descs["P09"] = "The pontine nuclei (pontine gray matter) receives afferent connections from diverse areas of the cerebral cortex and gives rise to projections to the contralateral cerebellar hemispheres through the middle peduncle.";
labels["P10"] = "Pontocerebellar fibers";
descs["P10"] = "The pontocerebellar fibers are the decussating fibers of that arise in the pontine nuclei (gray), traverse the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis) and terminate in the cerebellar cortex.";
labels["P11"] = "Posterior cerebral artery";
descs["P11"] = "The posterior cerebral arteries are the terminal branches of the basilar artery. They wrap around the brainstem, supply the medial parts of the temporal lobes and most of the occipital lobes. The posterior cerebral artery gives rise to several important branches. The posterior choroidal branches supply structures of the lateral midbrain and posterior thalamus in addition to the choroid plexus. The cortical branches include the anterior and posterior temporal branches to the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe (including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus). There are parietooccipial branches that supply the medial aspect of the hemispheres and the splenium of the corpus callosum. The final branch is the calcarine branch that ends most posteriorly in the visual cortex.";
labels["P12"] = "Posterior commissure";
descs["P12"] = "The posterior commissure connects one side of the pretectal region to the other. Is part of the system which permits the pupillary light responses to be bilateral (consensual).";
labels["P13"] = "Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)";
descs["P13"] = "The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is a long, circumferentially running branch of the vertebral artery that supplies the lateral medulla (including vestibular area) and inferior part of the cerebellum.";
labels["P14"] = "Posterior limb of internal capsule";
descs["P14"] = "The posterior limb of the internal capsule is a portion of the internal capsule that contains mostly fibers from the parietal and occipital lobes going to the spinal cord and brain stem. The corticospinal tract is somatotopically represented in the anterior portion of the posterior limb. The internal capsule is the bundle of fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with other portions of the brain and connecting the thalamus with the cerebral cortex.";
labels["P15"] = "Posterolateral fissure";
descs["P15"] = "The posterolateral fissure in the ventral and posterior part of the cerebellum separates the flocculonodular lobe (archicerebellum) from the rest of the cerebellum.";
labels["P16"] = "Postcentral gyrus";
descs["P16"] = "The postcentral gyrus is the primary sensory cortex with strong input from somatic sensory areas of the thalamus. There is a topography (somatotopy) with the face represented ventrally and the lower limb dorsally. The foot is represented on the medial aspect of the cortex.";
labels["P17"] = "Precentral gyrus";
descs["P17"] = "The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex with strong axonal projections from pyramidal neurons to motor areas of the brain stem and spinal cord. There is a topography (somatotopy) with the face represented ventrally and the lower limb dorsally.";
labels["P18"] = "Preoccipital notch";
descs["P18"] = "The preoccipital notch is the indentation on the inferior surface of the brain that is at the location of the petrous ridge of the temporal bone. It defines the location where the temporal lobe meets the occipital lobe.";
labels["P19"] = "Postolivary sulcus";
descs["P19"] = "The postolivary sulcus is the groove just dorsal to the inferior olive from which the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve emanate.";
labels["P20"] = "Preolivary sulcus";
descs["P20"] = "The preolivary sulcus is the groove between the pyramid and the inferior olivary nucleus from which the hypoglossal nerve exits.";
labels["P21"] = "Primary fissure";
descs["P21"] = "The primary fissure separates the anterior lobe of the cerebellum from the posterior lobe.";
labels["P22"] = "Pulvinar of thalamus";
descs["P22"] = "The pulvinar of the thalamus is a portion of the thalamus that is interconnected mostly with the parietal and visual association cortices and plays a role in attention. It also is involved in visual tracking of interesting or novel stimuli.";
labels["P23"] = "Putamen";
descs["P23"] = "The putamen is a major component of the basal ganglia that is adjacent to the globus pallidus. Along with the caudate nucleus it makes up the corpus striatum. The putamen and globus pallidus together make up the lenticular nucleus It receives input from the cerebral cortex and substantia nigra. Most of its output is to the globus pallidus. It is heavily involved in motor control.";
labels["P24"] = "Pyramidal decussation";
descs["P24"] = "The pyramidal decussation is the location that nerve fibers in the medullary pyramid cross to enter the lateral corticospinal tract. It can be seen n the ventral surface of the brain at the spinomedullary junction.";
labels["P25"] = "Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract";
descs["P25"] = "The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract is a tract conveying muscle stretch and tension information from the lower portion of the body. It begins in neurons of the nucleus dorsalis (of Clarke) and projects through the inferior cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellum. It ends somatotopically in the spinocerebellum.";
labels["P26"] = "Pretectal nuclei";
descs["P26"] = "The pretectal nuclei consist of a group of nuclei in the rostral midbrain that are involved in visual reflexes, notably, the pupillary light reflex.";
labels["P27"] = "Paracentral lobule";
descs["P27"] = "The paracentral lobule is the continuation of the pre- and postcentral gyri onto the medial aspect of the hemispheres. This would include the foot representation of the motor and sensory cortices.";
labels["P28"] = "Precuneus";
descs["P28"] = "The precuneus is a portion of the parietal association cortex on the medial aspect of the hemispheres immediately posterior to the paracentral lobule.";
labels["P29"] = "Posterior arch of the atlas";
descs["P29"] = "The posterior arch of the atlas completes the ring of the atlas posterior to the spinal cord.";
labels["P30"] = "Pontine tegmentum";
descs["P30"] = "The tegmentum is the \"core\" of the brain stem. It is mostly comprised of reticular formation and the various cranial nerve nuclei. The \"newer\" parts of the ventral brain stem are not included (the basal pons, the cerebral peduncles and the pyramids). Its dorsal limit is the ventricular system (central canal, fourth ventricle or central canal, depending on the area being considered). In the pons this is the fourth ventricle.";
labels["P31"] = "Pharyngeal constrictors";
descs["P31"] = "The pharyngeal constrictor muscles (superior, middle and inferior) comprise the muscular wall of the pharynx. They have a covering of thick mucosa.";
labels["P32"] = "Palatoglossus muscle";
descs["P32"] = "The palatoglossus muscle arises from the hard palate and inserts on the tongue from the superior side. It is the only muscle attached to the tongue that is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (it is innervated by the vagus nerve).";
labels["P33"] = "Parietal lobe";
descs["P33"] = "The parietal lobe includes the postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) and the large regions of association cortex. the parietal association cortex closes to the postcentral gyrus is important for recognition of somatosensory inputs, while more posterior portions are critical for being able to attend to the world. ";
labels["P34"] = "Parietal bone";
descs["P34"] = "The parietal bone is the paired bone of the skull that meets its mate of the opposite side at the sagittal suture. It also articulates with the frontal bone at the coronal suture, with the occipital bone at the lambdoid suture and with the temporal bone at the squamosal suture. ";
labels["P35"] = "Posterior belly of the digastric muscle";
descs["P35"] = "The posterior belly of the digastric muscle arises from the mastoid process and inserts into a tendon that attaches this to the anterior belly of the digastric. This tenson is anchored to the hyoid bone and the muscle can elevate the hyoid bone or aid in forcibly opening the mouth. The posteror belly is innervated by the facial nerve, while the anterior belly is innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.";
labels["P36"] = "Posterior communicating artery";
descs["P36"] = "The posterior communicating artery is a component of the circle of Willis that connects the posterior cerebral artery to the internal carotid artery (that is, it connects the posterior part of the circulation to the anterior part of the circulation of the brain).";
labels["P37"] = "Parotid duct";
descs["P37"] = "The parotid duct conveys saliva from the parotid gland to the oral cavity, ending in the vestibule of the oral cavity on a papilla adjacent to the second upper molar tooth.";
labels["P38"] = "Posterior choroidal artery";
descs["P38"] = "The posterior choroidal arteries are branches off of the posterior cerebral that often appear in lateral and medial divisions. The lateral go to the choroid plexi of the lateral ventricles and the medial go to the choroid plexi of the third ventricles as well as the thalamus and tectum.";
labels["P39"] = "Posterior temporal artery";
descs["P39"] = "The posterior temporal arteries are branches of the middle cerebral that emanate from the lateral (Sylvian) fissure onto the lateral aspect of the temporal lobes.";
labels["P40"] = "Posterior parietal artery";
descs["P40"] = "The posterior parietal arteries are branches of the middle cerebral that emanate from the lateral (Sylvian) fissure onto the posterior part of the lateral parietal lobes.";
labels["P41"] = "Pericallosal artery";
descs["P41"] = "The pericallosal artery is one of the terminal branches of the anterior cerebral artery (along with the callosomarginal artery). This artery follows the corpus callosum, supplying it and medial aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes.";
labels["P42"] = "Posterior cerebral artery branches";
descs["P42"] = "The posterior cerebral artery gives rise to several important branches. The posterior choroidal branches supply structures of the lateral midbrain and posterior thalamus in addition to the choroid plexus. The cortical branches include the anterior and posterior temporal branches to the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe (including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus). There are parietooccipial branches that supply the medial aspect of the hemispheres and the splenium of the corpus callosum. The final branch is the calcarine branch that ends most posteriorly in the visual cortex.";
labels["Q01"] = "Quadrigeminal cistern";
descs["Q01"] = "The Quadrigeminal cistern is a large collection of cerebrospinal fluid immediately dorsal to the tectum of the midbrain.";
labels["R01"] = "Red nucleus";
descs["R01"] = "The red nucleus receives input from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem and gives rise to the rubrospinal tract that helps to control proximal flexor muscles.";
labels["R02"] = "Reticular formation";
descs["R02"] = "The reticular formation is a large area of (phylogenetically) ancient brain that represents and integrating center for behavioral and autonomic responses. It regulate muscle tone, contains centers for respiration and cardiovascular control and many neurons that participate in routine activities such as gait, regulation of muscle tone and patterning of complex reflexes (such as cough, sneeze, vomiting, etc)";
labels["R03"] = "Rostrum of corpus callosum";
descs["R03"] = "The rostrum of corpus callosum is a \"beak\" of the corpus callosum is located just dorsal to the subcallosal gyrus of the medial frontal lobe.";
labels["R04"] = "Rubrospinal tract";
descs["R04"] = "The rubrospinal tracts consist of nerve fibers arising in the red nucleus, crossing in the ventral tegmental decussation and descending to all levels of the spinal cord. They primarily control proximal flexor muscles of the limbs.";
labels["R05"] = "Raphe nucleus";
descs["R05"] = "This is one of the raphe nuclei. These nuclei, located in the midline of the brain stem, contain neurons that utilize serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. The distribute this neuromodulator to many areas of the brain and spinal cord.";
labels["R06"] = "Rectus capitus posterior major muscle";
descs["R06"] = "The rectus capitus posterior major muscle is a muscle of the suboccipital triangle that arises from the C2 spinous process and inserts on the occiput. It is mainly an extensor of the upper cervical segments. It is innervated by the suboccipital nerve (the posterior primary ramus of C1).";
labels["R07"] = "Rectus capitus lateralis muscle";
descs["R07"] = "The rectus capitus lateralis muscle is is a suboccipital muscle that arises from the transverse process of the atlas and inserts on the occiput. It is is innervated by the suboccipital nerve.";
labels["R08"] = "Recurrent artery (Heubner)";
descs["R08"] = "The recurrent artery (of Heubner) is one of the early, penetrating branches of the anterior cerebral artery. It supplies much of the head of the caudate nucleus.";
labels["S01"] = "Semicircular canals";
descs["S01"] = "The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular part of the inner ear.";
labels["S02"] = "Septal nucleus";
descs["S02"] = "The septal nuclei are located adjacent to the rostral part of the septum pellucidum and dorsal to the anterior commissure. They are part of the limbic system and are a \"reward center\" involved in motivation.";
labels["S03"] = "Septum pelucidum";
descs["S03"] = "The septum pelucidum is a partition dividing the lateral ventricles from one another. it attaches to the corpus callosum dorsally and the fornix ventrally.";
labels["S04"] = "Sigmoid sinus";
descs["S04"] = "The sigmoid sinus is a venous dural sinus that connects the transverse sinus with the internal jugular vein.";
labels["S05"] = "Sphenoid sinus";
descs["S05"] = "The sphenoid sinus is one of the paranasal sinuses.";
labels["S06"] = "Spinal accessory motor neurons";
descs["S06"] = "This is the location of the neurons (lower motor neurons) of the spinal accessory nerve to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.";
labels["S07"] = "Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal";
descs["S07"] = "the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal receives pain and temperature information from the ipsilateral side of the face via the spinal tract of V. It relays information via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract to the contralateral VPM of thalamus.";
labels["S08"] = "Spinal tract of the trigeminal";
descs["S08"] = "The spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve contains first order trigeminal sensory fibers conveying pain and temperature from the ipsilateral side of the face. This tract descends the brain stem to the lower medulla and upper spinal cord.";
labels["S09"] = "Spinothalamic tract";
descs["S09"] = "The spinothalamic tract contains the nerve fibers arising in the substantia gelatinosa that convey pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side of the body. It will terminate in the thalamic VPL.";
labels["S10"] = "Splenium of corpus callosum";
descs["S10"] = "The splenium of corpus callosum is the posterior part of the corpus callosum containing commissural fibers connecting the visual association areas in either hemisphere.";
labels["S11"] = "Solitary nucleus (nucleus tractus solitarius)";
descs["S11"] = "The solitary nucleus (nucleus tractus solitarius) is the nucleus of termination of visceral afferent fibers (baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, etc.) in CNX and CNIX. Rostrally, it is continuous with the gustatory nuclei (termination of taste from CNVII and CNIX). It surrounds the solitary tract.";
labels["S12"] = "Solitary tract (tractus solitarius)";
descs["S12"] = "The solitary tract (tractus solitarius) contains visceral afferent fibers (baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, taste etc.) in CNVII, CNX and CNIX on their way to the solitary nucleus.";
labels["S13"] = "Sternocleidomastoid muscle";
descs["S13"] = "The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of the neck.";
labels["S14"] = "Straight sinus";
descs["S14"] = "The straight sinus is the venous dural sinus located where the falx cerebri meets the tentorium cerebelli. It is formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus with the great cerebral vein and ends by emptying into the confluence of sinuses.";
labels["S15"] = "Stria medullaris thalami";
descs["S15"] = "The stria medullaris thalami is a pathway that resides in the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricles (on the dorsal medial aspect of the thalamus). It connects areas of the limbic forebrain (septal nuclei and preoptic hypothalamic areas) to the habenular nuclei (visible as a swelling at the posterior end of the pathway).";
labels["S16"] = "Stria terminalis";
descs["S16"] = "The stria terminalis is a pathway that runs in the floor of the lateral ventricle, directly between the bulge for the caudate nucleus and the thalamus, is a connection between the amygdala of the temporal lobe and the septal nuclei and hypothalamus. Often, the thalmiostriate veins can be seen attached to this tract.";
labels["S17"] = "Subcallosal gyrus";
descs["S17"] = "The subcallosal gyrus is a limbic area of cerebral cortex that is functionally connected with the underlying septal area (which is involved in reinforcement or reward of certain behaviors) and is continuous with the cingulate cortex";
labels["S18"] = "Substantia nigra";
descs["S18"] = "The substantia nigra consists of a pars compacta (containing dopamine neurons) and reticulata (an output nucleus for the basal ganglia, rather similar in neuronal structure and function to the globus pallidus). Loss of dopamine synthesizing neurons in this area is responsible for Parkinson's disease.";
labels["S19"] = "Subthalamic nucleus";
descs["S19"] = "The subthalamic nucleus is a component of the basal ganglia/extrapyramidal system. It receives input from the globus pallidus externa and projects to the globus pallidus interna. It is involved in motor control and damage results in hemiballism.";
labels["S20"] = "Superior cerebellar artery";
descs["S20"] = "The superior cerebellar artery is a long circumferentially running branch of the rostral basilar artery supplying the lateral midbrain and superior part of the cerebellum. The oculomotor nerve passes between it and the posterior cerebral artery.";
labels["S21"] = "Superior cerebellar peduncle";
descs["S21"] = "The superior cerebellar peduncle is the primary output pathway for the cerebellum. Projections from the dentate nucleus to the thalamic VL and globose/emboliform nuclei to the red nuclei traverse this path. Also known as the brachium conjunctivum.";
labels["S22"] = "Superior colliculus";
descs["S22"] = "The superior colliculus is located in the dorsal midbrain (part of the tectum). It is a reflex center, which receives many types of afferent input (especially visual) and projects to eye movement centers and to cervical muscles (tectospinal tract).";
labels["S23"] = "Superior frontal gyrus";
descs["S23"] = "The superior frontal gyrus is a part of the lateral frontal lobe. The posterior part includes premotor areas (planning of movement) while the prefrontal cortex is more anterior. The latter is involved in strategic planning of higher motor and cognitive tasks. Lesions effect the ability to perform delayed spatial tasks.";
labels["S24"] = "Superior olivary nucleus";
descs["S24"] = "The superior olivary nucleus is one of the main relay nuclei in the auditory pathway. It gives rise to fibers that project ipsilaterally to the inferior colliculus and contralaterally through the trapezoid body. Cells in this nucleus are also the origin of olivocochlear bundle (can change sensitivity of inner ear hair cells).";
labels["S25"] = "Superior petrosal sinus";
descs["S25"] = "The superior petrosal sinus is a venous dural sinus that follows the apex of the petrous part of the temporal lobe and connects the cavernous sinus with the beginning of the sigmoid sinus.";
labels["S26"] = "Superior sagittal sinus";
descs["S26"] = "The superior sagittal sinus is the venous dural sinus that is located where the falx cerebri meets the dura matter over the calvarium of the skull. It receives many bridging veins from the cerebral cortex and ends at the confluence of sinuses. It also has many arachnoid granulations that are for the resorption of CSF into the venous circulation.";
labels["S27"] = "Superior temporal gyrus";
descs["S27"] = "The superior temporal gyrus is seen on the superior part of the lateral temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the lateral fissure. The superior aspect extends into the lateral fissure and contains transverse temporal gyri (Heschel) which are the primary auditory cortices. The posterior part end in the angular gyrus and includes receptive language areas (Wernicke).";
labels["S28"] = "Supramarginal gyrus";
descs["S28"] = "The supramarginal gyrus is a gyrus centered around a sulcus projecting superiorward from the lateral fissure.  In the dominant hemisphere, it is included in the receptive language area (Wernicke) that is responsible for the perception and integration of spoken and written language.";
labels["S29"] = "Sylvian (lateral) fissure";
descs["S29"] = "The Sylvian (lateral) fissure is a deep fissure that separates the opercular portions of the frontal and parietal lobes from the opercular portion of the temporal lobe.  The insular cortex lies at the depth of the lateral fissure.";
labels["S30"] = "Stria medullaris of the fourth ventricle";
descs["S30"] = "The stria medullaris of the fourth ventricle are several small transverse ridges seen on the floor of the fourth ventricle around the medullary pontine junction. These are comprised of decussating fibers arising in the cochlear nuclei.";
labels["S31"] = "Superior parietal lobule";
descs["S31"] = "The superior parietal lobule is a portion of the parietal association area. The part that is closest to the postcentral gyrus is involved in interpreting somatic sensation. The more posterior portion is involved in attention to the contralateral side of the world.";
labels["S32"] = "Subarachnoid space";
descs["S32"] = "The subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid (which is loosely adhered to the dura matter) and the pia matter (which is intimately attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord). It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.";
labels["S33"] = "Spinous process";
descs["S33"] = "The spinous process is a posterior projection from the vertebral lamina and represents a site of attachment of many back muscles.";
labels["S34"] = "Semispinalis capitus muscle";
descs["S34"] = "The semispinalis capitus muscle arises from transverse processes of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae and inserts on the occipital bone of the skull. It is the muscle that is largely responsible for holding the head up. It is innervated by posterior primary nerve rami.";
labels["S35"] = "Scalene muscles";
descs["S35"] = "The scalene muscles arise from the transverse process of cervical vertebrae and insert on the upper ribs laterally. They will laterally flex the neck. the anterior scalene is anterior to the cervical nerve roots (and to the subclavian artery in the lower neck), while the middle scalene is posterior to these nerve roots (and the artery). The posterior scalene is very small.";
labels["S36"] = "Stylohyoid ligament";
descs["S36"] = "The stylohyoid ligament connects the styloid process with the hyoid bone (lesser cornu).";
labels["S37"] = "Submandibular gland";
descs["S37"] = "The submandibular gland is a salivary gland that is partially covered by the body of the mandible, but which can be palpated medial to this structure. The duct of this gland ends in the floor of the mouth just lateral to the frenulum. It is mostly innervated by parasympathetic nerves (preganglionics in the chorda tympani from the facial nerve; synapse in the submandibular ganglion).";
labels["S38"] = "Spinal cord";
descs["S38"] = "The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system that extends from the medulla to its termination at around the level of L1-2. Ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) nerve roots connect to the cord in a segmental manner and the nerve roots to the lower extremity stream away from the caudal end of the cord as the cauda equina.";
labels["S39"] = "Styloid process";
descs["S39"] = "The styloid process is a projection from the inferior part of the temporal bone that serves at the attachment for several muscles (posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, styloglossus) and ligaments (stylohyoid, stylomandibular).";
labels["S40"] = "Stylopharyngeus muscle";
descs["S40"] = "The stylopharyngeus muscle is a muscle of the pharynx that arises from the styloid process and inserts into the pharyngeal constricotors by passing between the superior and middle constrictor. It is the only muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.";
labels["S41"] = "Soft palate (muscles)";
descs["S41"] = "The soft palate is comprised of muscles meeting in a midline raphe covered by a thick mucosa. This prevents nasal regurgitation when swallowing and is elevated during the production of several sounds.";
labels["S42"] = "Scalp";
descs["S42"] = "The scalp covers the head and consists of several layers, including the skin, a thick layer of connective tissue, an aponeurosis (the galea aponeurotica) and then a layer of looser connective tissue separating it from the periosteum of the skull (and permitting movement of the scalp).";
labels["S43"] = "Splenius capitus muscle";
descs["S43"] = "The splenius capitus muscle is a superificial muscle of the posterior neck that arises from the ligamentum nuchae and upper thoracic spinous processes and extends superolaterally to insert on the skull. The name \"splenius\" means bandage and it has the appearance of a bandage wrapped around the neck.";
labels["S44"] = "Superficial temporal artery";
descs["S44"] = "The superficial temporal artery is one of the terminal branches of the maxillary artery. It passes posterior to mandibular condyle and is located immediately anterior to the ear on the side of the head. Its pulse can be palpated. it is accompanied by the auriculotemporal nerve to the temporal region.";
labels["S45"] = "Sphenoid bone";
descs["S45"] = "The sphenoid bone is a complex, unpaired bone. It has a body in the midline (containing the sphenoid sinus) and two wings that project laterally (where they make up the posterolateral orbit and much of the skull surrounding the anterior aspect of the temporal lobe of the brian. The greater wing appears on the lateral aspect of the skull, immediately anterior to the temporal bone in the temporal region. There are two inferior projections from the bone called the pterygoid plates.";
labels["S46"] = "Styloglossus muscle";
descs["S46"] = "The styloglossus muscle arises from the styloid process and inserts in the posterolateral aspect of the tongue where it can retract the tongue.";
labels["S47"] = "Subiculum";
descs["S47"] = "The subiculum is the region of allocortex that connects the parahippocampal gyrus to the hippocampus.";
labels["S48"] = "Stylohyoid muscle";
descs["S48"] = "The stylohoid muscle arises from the styloid process and inserts on the hyoid bone and elevates the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the facial nerve.";
labels["S49"] = "Superficial middle cerebral vein";
descs["S49"] = "The superficial middle cerebral vein follows the lateral fissure anteriorly and inferiorly, usually ending in the cavernous sinus.";
labels["S50"] = "Superior anastamotic vein (Trolard)";
descs["S50"] = "The superior anastamotic vein (often referred to as the vein of Trolard) drains from the parietal region into the superior sagittal sinus. It anastamoses with the superficial middle cerebral vein and the inferior anastamotic vein and connects with many other cortical veins. Impairment of flow in this vein can lead to venous infarction.";
labels["S51"] = "Suboccipital venous plexus";
descs["S51"] = "The suboccipital venous plexus is a series of valveless veins around the vertebral artery and suboccipital region that usually includes a dilated venous structure (the suboccipital cavernous sinus).";
labels["S52"] = "Scalp vein";
descs["S52"] = "This is a vein of the scalp.";
labels["T01"] = "Tectum";
descs["T01"] = "The tectum is the generic term for the superior and inferior colliculi. The term means \"roof\" as in roof of the midbrain. It may also be called the corpora quadrigemina.";
labels["T02"] = "Tentorium cerebelli";
descs["T02"] = "The tentorium cerebelli is the fold of dura matter that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes of the brain.";
labels["T03"] = "Thalamic fasciculus";
descs["T03"] = "The thalamic fasciculus is comprised of the nerve fibers (mostly coming from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia and from the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum that are going to terminate in the VA/VL of the thalamus.";
labels["T04"] = "Thalamostriate vein";
descs["T04"] = "Thee thalamostriate veins drain into the great cerebral vein and drain large portions of the deep brain structures.";
labels["T05"] = "Third ventricle";
descs["T05"] = "The third ventricle is a chamber filled with CSF located between the thalami (dorsally) and the two sides of the hypothalamus (ventrally). It communicates with the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramina of Monroe and with the 4th ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct";
labels["T06"] = "Tongue";
descs["T06"] = "These are the muscles of the tongue";
labels["T07"] = "Transverse sinus";
descs["T07"] = "The transverse sinuses are the venous dural sinus that begin at the confluence of sinuses and continue laterally to the origin of the sigmoid sinuses.";
labels["T08"] = "Trapezius muscle";
descs["T08"] = "The trapezius muscle is a muscle of the neck and shoulder.";
labels["T09"] = "Trapezoid body";
descs["T09"] = "The trapezoid body contains decussating fibers of the auditory system.";
labels["T10"] = "Triangular part, inferior frontal gyrus";
descs["T10"] = "The triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere (along with the opercular portion of the inferior frontal gyrus) is the motor area of language generation (Broca's area).";
labels["T11"] = "Trigeminal nerve";
descs["T11"] = "The trigeminal nerve contains the first order sensory nerve fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The cell bodies of these sensory fibers are in the trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion and the fibers of the nerve penetrates the middle cerebellar peduncle of the pons to terminate in the trigeminal sensory nuclei. There are a few motor nerve fibers in the trigeminal nerve (to the muscles of mastication).";
labels["T12"] = "Trigeminal motor nucleus";
descs["T12"] = "The trigeminal motor nucleus is the location of motor neurons whose axons are contained in the trigeminal nerve.";
labels["T13"] = "Trochlear nerve";
descs["T13"] = "The trochlear nerve arises from a nucleus near the MLF and the fibers arch dorsally around the cerebral aqueduct, decussate and leave the dorsal aspect of the brain stem.";
labels["T14"] = "Temporal lobe";
descs["T14"] = "The temporal lobe has many functions. The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus, in a series of small gyri (transverse gyri of Heschel) that extend into the Sylvian fissure. The region around the primary auditory cortex is auditory association cortex which, in the dominant hemisphere, includes Wernicke's area. Most of the lateral temporal lobes are association cortex with the posterior part of the middle temporal gyrus (MT) being necessary for detection of visual movement. The inferior temporal gyrus in the nondominant side is necessary for regognition of faces. The medial part of the temporal lobe includes regions necessary for short-term memory (the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus). The primary olfactory cortex is in the region of the uncus.";
labels["T15"] = "Thalamus";
descs["T15"] = "The thalamus is the large, egg-shaped structure that comprises the upper wall of the third ventricle and a small part of the floor of the lateral ventricle. It has reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex and also filters and relays many sensory pathways to to cortex. Additionally, there are feedback motor systems that reach the cortex by way of relay in the thalamus.";
labels["T16"] = "Transverse ligament";
descs["T16"] = "The transverse ligament, part of the cruciform ligament, holds the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas. It attaches to the lateral portions of the atlas on each side and passes posterior to the dens. This permits the atlas to rotate on the dens (part of C2). There is a joint between the ligament and the dens.";
labels["T17"] = "Temporalis muscle";
descs["T17"] = "The temporalis muscle is a muscle of mastication that arises from the temporal fossa and inserts on the coronoid process and anteromedial aspect of the ramus of the mandible. It is a powerful closer of the jaw. It is innervated, like all of the muscle of mastication, by branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal.";
labels["T18"] = "Transverse process";
descs["T18"] = "The transverse process is the lateral projection from the vertebrae that attaches various muscles. in the cervical region this consists of a posterior part and an anterior part (costal part) that are separated by a transverse foramen for the vertebral artery.";
labels["T19"] = "Tympanic membrane";
descs["T19"] = "The tympanic membrane is the thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle and that vibrates with air vibrations. It is connected with the maleus (one of the ossicular chain of the middle ear) that transmits the vibrations to the oval window.";
labels["T20"] = "Trigeminal ganglion";
descs["T20"] = "The trigeminal (semilunar; Gasserian) ganglion is lateral to the hypophyseal fossa and located in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. This is composed of cell bodies of trigeminal sensory nerve fibers.";
labels["T21"] = "Temporal lobe cortex";
descs["T21"] = "The temporal lobe has many functions. The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus, in a series of small gyri (transverse gyri of Heschel) that extend into the Sylvian fissure. The region around the primary auditory cortex is auditory association cortex which, in the dominant hemisphere, includes Wernicke's area. Most of the lateral temporal lobes are association cortex with the posterior part of the middle temporal gyrus (MT) being necessary for detection of visual movement. The inferior temporal gyrus in the nondominant side is necessary for recognition of faces. The medial part of the temporal lobe includes regions necessary for short-term memory (the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus). The primary olfactory cortex is in the region of the uncus.";
labels["T22"] = "Temporal bone";
descs["T22"] = "The temporal bone is comprised of a thin squama (that makes up most of the temporal part of the skull), a petrous part (that makes up a large part of the base of the skull and encases the inner ear) and a tympanic part (that wraps the anteroinferior part of the external ear canal). There are processes including the mastoid process (filled with mastoid air cells), a styloid process and the zygomatic process (that makes up the posterior part of the zygomatic arch).";
labels["T23"] = "Tarsal plate";
descs["T23"] = "The tarsal plate consists of dense connective tissue and glands in the upper eyelid. They stiffen the upper lid and provide an oily component to tears. The tarsal plate is an attachment for the muscles that open the eye (levator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle).";
labels["T24"] = "Transverse foramen";
descs["T24"] = "The transverse foramina are the holes between the costal and true transverse processes in the cervical spine. It is traversed by the vertebral artery from C6 through C1 levels.";
labels["U01"] = "Uncus";
descs["U01"] = "The uncus is a medial projection at the the rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus. This projection exists because there is a large nucleus that underlies it (the amygdala). It is the main site of termination of the lateral olfactory stria (olfactory function).";
labels["V01"] = "Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus";
descs["V01"] = "The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus receive most of their input from the cerebellum and basal ganglia and project to the motor and premotor areas of the cortex.";
labels["V02"] = "Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus";
descs["V02"] = "The ventral anterior thalamic nucleus is a portion of the thalamus that receives most of its input from the medial globus pallidus and connects with the premotor areas of the cerebral cortex (areas that are involved in planning and initiating movements).";
labels["V03"] = "Ventral horn";
descs["V03"] = "The ventral horn contains the motor neurons for upper cervical nerves.";
labels["V04"] = "Ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus";
descs["V04"] = "The ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus is the major termination of sensory fibers in the spinothalamic tract and the dorsal columns/medial lemniscus system (contralateral somatic sensation). This thalamic nucleus relays this information to the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).";
labels["V05"] = "Ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus";
descs["V05"] = "The ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus is the major termination of sensory fibers from the head (via ventral and dorsal trigeminothalamic tracts). It relays this information to the head area of the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).";
labels["V06"] = "Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus";
descs["V06"] = "The ventral lateral thalamic nucleus (VL) is a portion of the thalamus that receives input from two places. Most of the cerebellar output relays to the motor and premotor cortex by synapse in this nucleus. Also, its rostral end receives input from the medial globus pallidus (similar to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus) and is probably involved in the coordination of movement (feedback correction). It is likely also involved in planning and initiating movements.";
labels["V07"] = "Vermis of cerebellum";
descs["V07"] = "The vermis of the cerebellum is the midine portion of the cerebellar cortex, largely responsible for coordination and tone of axial musculature.";
labels["V08"] = "Vertebral artery";
descs["V08"] = "The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian artery that ascend the cervical spine and terminate by joining its contralateral mate to form the basilar artery. Together, the vertebral arteries and the basilar artery comprise the \"posterior circulation\".";
labels["V09"] = "Vestibular nuclei (complex)";
descs["V09"] = "The vestibular nuclei ( often termed the vestibular complex because there are several subnuclei) are the termination of fibers in the vestibular nerve and the origin for pathways that control eye movement through the MLF and posture through vestibulospinal pathways.";
labels["V10"] = "Vestibule";
descs["V10"] = "The vestibule is a chamber of the inner ear that contains the sacculus and utriculus that are part of the vestibular component of the inner ear.";
labels["V11"] = "Vestibulocochlear nerve";
descs["V11"] = "The vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve) is mostly a sensory nerve from the receptive elements of the inner ear (cochlea and vestibular receptors). This nerve enters the brain stem dorsolaterally at the junction between the medulla and pons. There are a few motor fibers that adjust the sensitivity of the receptive elements.";
labels["V12"] = "Ventral tegmental area";
descs["V12"] = "The ventral tegmental area is a region containing many dopaminergic neurons projecting to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and to the forebrain (as the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic reward system). This system is critical to the regulation of mood and motivation.";
labels["V13"] = "Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus";
descs["V13"] = "The ventral lateral thalamic nucleus (VL) is a portion of the thalamus that receives input from two places. Most of the cerebellar output (from the dentate nucleus) relays to the motor and premotor cortex by synapse in this nucleus. Also, its rostral end receives input from the medial globus pallidus (similar to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus) and is probably involved in the coordination of movement (feedback correction). It is likely also involved in planning and initiating movements.";
labels["V14"] = "Vertebral body";
descs["V14"] = "The vertebral bodies are the anterior part of the vertebrae, connected to adjacent vertebrae by intervertebral discs with anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments on their anterior and posterior sides. Most of the weight of the body is transmitted through the vertebral bodies.";
labels["V15"] = "Vagus nerve";
descs["V15"] = "The vagus nerve (CNX) is a large cranial nerve with many different functional components. It leaves the lateral side of the medullar (in the postolivary sulcus) and leaves the skull through the jugular foramen. It traverses the neck between the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein where it gives rise to the superior laryngeal nerve (cricopharyngeus muscle and sensory to the larynx) and to pharyngeal branches (motor to the pharynx and levator palati muscle). In the chest, it gives rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (motor to most of the larynx) as well as to various parasympathetic branches (cardiac, pulmonary and to the esophageal plexus). Anterior and posterior vagal trunks follow the esophagus into the abdomen.";
labels["V16"] = "Vomer";
descs["V16"] = "The vomer is one of the unpaired bones of the skull that attaches to the body of the sphenoid and comprises the posterior part of the nasal septum.";
labels["V17"] = "Vestibule of the mouth";
descs["V17"] = "The vestibule of the mouth is the part of the oral cavity between the gums and lips.";
labels["V18"] = "Vermian vein";
descs["V18"] = "The vermian vein is a bridging vein from the cerebellum.";
labels["V19"] = "Venous lake (lacuna)";
descs["V19"] = "Venous lakes are expansions from the venous sinuses that receive bridging veins and that are also sites where arachnoid granulations are located (for resorption of CSF back into venous blood).";
labels["W01"] = "White matter";
descs["W01"] = "The white matter contains subcortical nerve fibers having three roles. They interconnect cortical regions (associational fibers); they connect the cortex with similar areas on the contralateral side (commissural fibers); and they connect the cortex with subcortical structures.";
labels["W02"] = "White matter of the cerebellum (arbor vitae)";
descs["W02"] = "The white matter of the cerebellum consists of mossy and climbing fibers on their way to the cerebellar cortex and the axons of the Purkinji cells on their way to the deep cerebellar nuclei.";
labels["Z01"] = "Zona incerta";
descs["Z01"] = "The zona incerta is an area of the rostral reticular formation that is between the lenticular fasciculus and the thalamic fasciculus (pathways bring basal gangliar and cerebellar inputs to the thalamus, respectively).";
labels["Z02"] = "Zygomaticus major muscle";
descs["Z02"] = "The zygomaicus major muscle is a muscle of facial expression that attaches from the zygomatic muscle to the corner of the mouth. This is innervated by the facial nerve and elevates the corner of the mouth.";
labels["Z03"] = "Zygomatic arch";
descs["Z03"] = "The zygomatic arch comprises the prominence of the cheek bone. The anterior aspect of it is the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the posterior part of it is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.";
labels["Z04"] = "Zygomatic bone";
descs["Z04"] = "The zygomatic bone comprises the cheek bone and the anterior part of the zygomatic arch. It also comprises the anterolateral side of the orbit.";