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Chair: Andrew J. Friedland
Professors A. J. Friedland, R. B. Howarth, J. E. Shepherd, R. A.
Virginia; Associate Professor D. T. Bolger, C. S. Sneddon; Assistant Professors
M. K. Dorsey, K. Fisher-Vanden, D. J. Ranco; Adjunct Professors N. N. Miller,
B. D. Roebuck (Toxicology); Adjunct Assistant Professor J. E. Barrett; Visiting
Assistant Professor C. A. Fox; Senior Lecturer T. S. Osborne (English);
Visiting Instructor V. B. Palmer; Adjunct Instructor S. P. Stokoe.
The Dartmouth Environmental Studies Program began in 1970. Its principle
mission is to provide an opportunity for undergraduates to understand and
assess the complexity of environmental issues and to learn how to search for
solutions to these problems.
The Program takes a broad view of what is meant by the environment. We
concern ourselves with pollution and its causes and effects, but we also
consider resources, both renewable and non-renewable, energy, population, and,
not least, quality of life-a thing difficult to quantify but important to human
well-being.
Environmental Studies is an important ingredient in a liberal education. We
believe that the College can contribute to the appreciation of the value of
natural resources, to the understanding of environmental problems, and to the
strong dependence of humanity on its surroundings by offering a Program broadly
based in the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. At the
same time, the Program has a strong teaching and research focus in
environmental science (especially ecosystem science, biogeochemistry and
conservation biology) and environmental policy and politics (especially
international environmental issues, environmental economics and environmental
justice).
An additional goal of the Program is to provide courses and course-project
activities that are oriented towards providing policy options and potential
solutions to decision makers at the level of the College, the community,
adjoining communities, states, and the Federal Government. Faculty in
Environmental Studies supervise undergraduate theses and participate in
graduate education in Ecology, Earth Sciences, Chemistry and Engineering.
Environmental Studies is a partner in the graduate environmental science degree
programs in Earth Sciences and Ecology through the Earth, Ecosystem, and
Ecological Sciences Program (EEES).
Off-Campus Program in Africa: The foreign study program in Southern
Africa highlights the global perspective of the Environmental Studies Program.
In each offering, twenty students will be admitted to a program which is
designed to give students firsthand experience with issues of population, land
and water use, and resource management in the region of Southern Africa. One
course, Environmental Studies 40, addresses these issues in the classroom and
directly in the field, where students live in a rural farming village. Another
course, Environmental Studies 42, uses African faculty and experts from
government and NGOs to give a comprehensive view of the political and social
context of initiatives for development and environmental conservation with an
emphasis on regional problems and regional opportunities for solutions. The
role of women in agriculture and conservation is also studied. A third course,
Environmental Studies 84, is a coordinating seminar taught by the Dartmouth
faculty director which requires an extensively researched group project and
paper.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAJOR, MODIFIED MAJOR, AND MINOR
The Environmental Studies Major
Prerequisites: Math 3 or 10 or the equivalent; Chemistry 3 or 5 or
Physics 3 or Biology 14 or Earth Sciences 1; and Economics 1.
Requirements: Environmental Studies 1 or 3; and 2 or the
equivalent.
Core courses-One from each group:
Science: 20 or 25 or 28 or 30.
Economics: 55 or 56.
Politics and policy: 58 or 60 or 65.
A culminating experience in the major; and an elective focus consisting of
four related and relevant non-introductory classes (numbered 10 and above).
It is possible to substitute several other course combinations for
Environmental Studies 2 on a two-for-one basis. If choosing to substitute for
ENVS 2, students must take Biology 14 and one additional course: either Earth
Sciences 1 or 6; Environmental Studies 12; or Geography 3. If Biology 14 is
taken as a partial substitution for ENVS 2, it may not satisfy the ENVS
pre-requisite. It is expected that the elective focus will contain at least one
Environmental Studies course. Classes from outside the Environmental Studies
Program may be used for the elective focus if they are part of the approved
major plan. Every Environmental Studies major will submit a major plan for
approval by an Environmental Studies faculty curriculum committee. This written
statement must present the rationale for the elective focus classes, the
relationship between the Environmental Studies major and any other selected
major or minors, and a justification for courses from outside Environmental
Studies.
The Environmental Studies Honors Program
A candidate for the Honors Program in Environmental Studies must satisfy the
minimum College requirement, have a grade average of 'B+' in courses applied to
the major, and complete Environmental Studies 91 (Thesis Research).
Environmental Studies 91 may be taken two times, both for course credit, but
can only count once toward the major. Students who complete a senior thesis and
have a 'B+' average or higher in the courses that constitute the major will
earn Honors recognition in the major. High Honors may be granted by a vote of
the faculty on the basis of outstanding independent work. An interim evaluation
of honors students will be made after one term and continuation recommended for
those students whose work demonstrates the capacity for satisfactory (B+) work.
Enrollment in Environmental Studies 91 does not imply admissions into the
Honors Program nor does completion of a senior thesis require the awarding of
Honors in the major.
The Culminating Experience
The culminating experience requirement for the major in Environmental
Studies may be met by completing either Environmental Studies 50, Environmental
Studies 84, or conducting Honors Research (Environmental Studies 91).
The Environmental Studies Minor
Prerequisites: Environmental Studies 2 or the equivalent.
Requirements: Environmental Studies 1 or 3; and four other related
non-introductory courses (numbered 10 and above), two of which are normally
from Environmental Studies. Courses from outside Environmental Studies must be
from an approved list or by permission of the Chair. The Africa Foreign Study
Program satisfies this requirement (Environmental Studies 40, 42 and 84).
The Environmental Science Minor
Prerequisites: Environmental Studies 2 or the equivalent; Chemistry
3 or 5 or Physics 3 or Biology 14 or Earth Sciences 1.
Requirements: One course from Environmental Studies 1, 3, or 42; 20
or 25 or 28 or 30; and three other related non-introductory Environmental
Studies science courses (normally numbered 10 or above). One class from outside
Environmental Studies may be used if from an approved list or with permission
of the Chair.
Another Major Modified with Environmental Studies
Requirements: One course from Environmental Studies 1, 2, or 3; 50; and
three additional Environmental Studies courses, not including 1, 2, 3, or 7.
(One of these may be substituted by an appropriate course from another
department. Written permission required).
AFRICA FOREIGN STUDY PROGRAM
Prerequisites: Environmental Studies 2 or the equivalent; 39 or with
permission 65. Also one of the following courses (check with the Program office
for updated list):
African and African American Studies 11: Introduction to African Studies
African and African American Studies 14: (Identical to History
5.1)
African and African American Studies 41: Women in Africa (Identical to
Women's and Gender Studies 30)
African and African American Studies 43: (Identical to Religion
50)
African and African American Studies 44: Cultures and Peoples of Africa
African and African American Studies 45: Africa: Ecology and Development
Comparative Literature 51: African Literatures
Geography 40: (Identical to African and African American Studies
45)
Government 44: Politics and Political Economies in Africa
History 5.1: Pre-Colonial African History
History 66: History of Africa since 1800
History 67: The History of Modern South Africa
History 68: Nationalism and Decolonization in Modern Africa
Religion 50: Indigenous African Religions
Related Courses: The following courses may be of particular
interest to students interested in environmental issues.
Anthropology 3: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Anthropology 51: Colonialism and Its Legacies
Biology 14: Ecology and Evolution
Biology 21: Biological Diversity
Biology 25: Introductory Marine Biology and Ecology
Biology 33: Animal Behavior
Chemistry 63: Environmental Chemistry
Earth Sciences 26: Hydrology and Water Resources
Earth Sciences 28: Environmental Geology
Earth Sciences 55: Remote Sensing (Identical to Geography 55)
Engineering Sciences 41: Environmental and Natural Resource Management
Geography 20: Economic Geography and Globalization
Geography 55: Remote Sensing (Identical to Earth Sciences 55)
Geography 58: Geographic Information Systems
Government 58: International Political Economy
1. Humans and Nature in America
07W, 08W: 10
"The land was ours before we were the land's, Robert Frost wrote,
summarizing in one line the history of American environmentalism. This course
will look at the changing relation between Americans and their land over the
past two centuries. Reading will include the journals of Lewis and Clark, and
writings by Tony Morrison, Leslie Silko, Terry Tempest Williams and Edward
Abbey. The course brings an interdisciplinary analysis to these writings, with
an emphasis on appreciating the literary, scientific, social, and historical
contexts that shape our view of nature.
Limited enrollment. Dist: LIT. Class of 2007 and earlier:
WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Bolger,
Osborne.
2. Introduction to Environmental Science
06F, 07F: 12
To understand current environmental problems, we need to study the physical,
biological, chemical and social processes that are often the basis of those
problems. This course will give the skills necessary to ask intelligent
questions about-and perhaps obtain answers to-some of the environmental
problems our planet is facing today by examining scientific principles and the
application of those principles to environmental issues. This course will
survey a variety of topics including pollution, biodiversity, energy use,
recycling, land degradation, and human population dynamics. It is designed to
introduce environmental science and environmental issues, topics which are
explored in greater depth in other Environmental Studies courses. Dist:
SCI. Friedland.
3. Environment and Society
07S, 08S: 12
An examination of the human sources of a variety of environmental problems
and of human responses to environmental problems at the local, national, and
international levels. The course will describe the actors in controversies over
these problems and the institutions and rules which have so far been created to
deal with the issues. The course will then proceed to the question: Will those
current institutions and laws, originally devised to deal with the pollution of
our natural environment, be able to resolve the more fundamental issues arising
out of the increasing conflicts over land use, energy, food, and growth?
Faculty from a number of different disciplines will participate. Dist:
SOC. Howarth, Dorsey.
7. First-Year Seminars in Environmental Studies
Consult special listings
12. Energy and the Environment
07S, 08S: 10A
Energy, in a variety of forms, is a fundamental need of all societies. This
course explores the scientific concepts and applications to society of the
issues regarding energy extraction, conversions and use. It will examine the
scientific basis for environmental and social concerns about our present energy
mix including global climate change, toxic emissions and wastes from energy
combustion, and nuclear proliferation. We will also consider choices that are
made in the development and utilization of energy resources and the role of
public policy. Prerequisite: Environmental Studies 2 or permission of the
instructor. Dist: TAS. Friedland.
15. From Pole to Pole: Environmental Issues of the Earth's Cold
Regions
07S, 08S: 10
The Earth's high northern and southern latitudes share an extreme climate,
but are vastly different in their histories, ecological systems and human
cultures. Polar regions are increasingly under threat from climate change,
resource extraction, and the loss of indigenous cultures. This course examines
the major physical, ecological and human systems of high latitudes, including
the circumpolar northern Arctic regions and the continent of Antarctica. Using
an interdisciplinary perspective the course examines the science, societies,
politics and policies that shape our viewpoints of major environmental issues
facing cold regions. The connections of the polar regions to global processes
and international issues (climate change, biodiversity, cultural preservation)
will be emphasized.
Prerequisite: Environmental Studies 2 or 3 or permission of the instructor.
Dist: TAS. Virginia.
20. Conservation of Biodiversity
07W, 08W: 2
On a global scale we are witnessing an unprecedented decline in what has
come to be called Biodiversity. Human population growth, and increasing rates
of material consumption and technological development have increased the rate
and scale at which we impact populations of native animals and plants. One goal
of the course will be to address the biological aspects of this issue. What is
Biodiversity? How is Biodiversity distributed geographically and taxonomically?
What does humankind do to cause animal and plant extinctions? Is there a
Biodiversity crisis? What is the current rate of extinction and what is the
natural extinction rate? What properties of individual species make them
vulnerable to extinction? What are the major threats to Biodiversity? The
second objective is to examine the social dimensions of Biodiversity. How do
our cultural and political perceptions and institutions contribute to the loss
of Biodiversity? What value is Biodiversity to humankind? What is being done to
preserve Biodiversity in the realms of science, technology, and policy? These
questions will be addressed through lecture material, course readings, and
writing assignments.
Prerequisite: Environmental Studies 2 or Biology 14, or permission of the
instructor. Dist: TAS. Bolger.
25. Ecological Agriculture
07X, 08X: 11, Laboratory Tu 1:00-5:00
This course will introduce the principles of ecological agriculture.
Concepts from ecology and ecosystem science will be applied to the study of
agriculture and the design of sustainable production systems. An introduction
to soils and their management and controls on plant growth will be emphasized
in the field and in the laboratory. Environmental issues associated with
conventional and low-input agriculture will be considered. Visits to local
farms and field exercises at the Dartmouth student organic farm will supplement
the classroom material.
Prerequisite: Environmental Studies 2 or Biology 14 or permission of the
instructor. Dist: TLA. Virginia.
28. Global Environmental Health
07S: 11
This course will focus upon the scientific and public health principles that
govern environmental health outcomes at the individual to the global scale.
Case studies will be used to illustrate the principles. Some of the issues that
will be discussed include lead poisoning, mercury in the food web, the epidemic
of tobacco use that is sweeping the world, the global movement of persistent
organic pollutants, and natural contaminates in the human supply. These cases
will increase in complexity with regards to causative agents and health
outcomes. Lastly, trends of environmental diseases coupled with the prevention
of these diseases will be emphasized.
Prerequisites: Environmental Studies 2 or Biology 14 or permission of the
instructor. Roebuck.
30. Global Environmental Science
Not offered in the period from 06F through 08S
This course examines human influences on the major global biogeochemical
cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur). The emphasis is on understanding
cycling processes in terrestrial (and, to a lesser extent, aquatic) systems and
how human activities (e.g., air pollution, deforestation, desertification,
changes in biodiversity) can disrupt these cycles, changing the ability of our
global environment to support life. Important feedbacks between biological and
physical processes and their effects on the atmosphere are emphasized. The
response of natural and managed ecosystems to changing climate and resource
availability will be discussed along with prospects for the future. The course
also examines international science policies and programs to limit human
interference in global cycling processes.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 3 or the equivalent, and Chemistry 5 (or Chemistry
3), and Environmental Studies 2, or the permission of the instructor. Dist:
SCI.
39. Natural Resources, Development, and the Environment
07X: 10
How do countries develop their natural resources and also maintain
environmental quality? How are water resources and food security maintained in
the face of pressures for economic development? Using a multidisciplinary and
comparative approach, this course explores the social, political, and
scientific issues behind economic development and environmental preservation.
Agricultural practices, resource conservation strategies, and tensions between
development and conservation are interrogated. The course examines these issues
in the historical, social, and political contexts of developed and developing
countries, with an emphasis on the emerging nations of sub-Saharan Africa.
Prerequisite: Environmental Studies 2 or the equivalent, or permission of
the instructor. Dist: SOC. Shepherd.
40. Foreign Study in Environmental Problems I
06F, 07F: D.F.S.P.
Natural Resources and Environmental Issues in Southern Africa. This
course will examine the natural resource constraints and policy dilemmas faced
by developing countries and the impacts of people on the environment. Topics
will include land and water use, biodiversity and wildlife management,
population and environmental health, agricultural practices and community
dynamics, and development economics. These topics will be illustrated through
field work at National Parks and safari areas, farming areas, and at
community-based development projects. Dist: SOC.
Shepherd.
42. Foreign Study in Environmental Problems II
06F, 07F: D.F.S.P.
Social and Political Aspects of Development and Conservation in Southern
Africa. This course will examine the historical, social, and political
context of the interplay between resource use, economic development and
environmental conservation in southern Africa. The impact of colonial and
ethnic traditions and international institutions, on strategies for economic
development, urban growth, wildlife management, ecotourism, resource
conservation (especially water and soil) and land use will be discussed. Issues
of gender in agricultural development and environmental protection will be
considered. Dist: INT. Roebuck.
44. Environment and Politics in Southeast Asia (Identical to Geography
44)
06F, 07F: 2
Over the past several decades, the people and environments of Southeast Asia
have confronted a host of political, economic and cultural processes commonly
grouped together under the heading "development. As witnessed by recent
media reports detailing massive forest fires in Indonesia and dam controversies
in Malaysia and Thailand, these development processes have resulted in drastic
transformations in the landscapes, forests, and river systems of the region.
These processes have likewise produced dramatic alterations in the livelihoods
of the people who depend on and interact with the region's ecological systems.
Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Sneddon.
50. Environmental Problem Analysis and Policy Formulation
07S, 08S: 2
Students working together in groups will formulate and justify policy
measures that they think would be appropriate to deal with a local
environmental problem. The purposes of this coordinating course are to (1) give
students an opportunity to see how the disciplinary knowledge acquired in their
various courses and departmental major programs can be integrated in a
synthetic manner; (2) provide a forum for an in-depth evaluation of a
significant environmental policy problem; and (3) give students the experience
of working as a project team toward the solution of a real-world problem.
Considerable field work may be involved, and the final examination will consist
of a public presentation and defense of student-generated policy
recommendations.
Prerequisite: Environmental Studies 1, 2 or 3, and at least one upper-level
Environmental Studies course, or permission of the instructor. Open only to
seniors or to other classes with permission of the instructor. Satisfies
the Culminating Experience requirement. Dist: SOC. Bolger.
52. Environmental Issues in Indian Country (Identical to Native
American Studies 52)
08W: 10A
This course will explore a variety of approaches to studying environmental
issues in Indian Country (in both the United States and Canada). While a number
of academic disciplines will be investigated over the semester, students should
form a synthetic understanding of the issues scholars face when taking on
"Indian and "environmental issues in their studies. We will focus on
three key issues: (1) The impact of the 'invented' Indian on understandings of
Indigenous environmental practices, (2) The differences between Native and
non-Native approaches to Indigenous environmental knowledge; (3) Resistances to
colonialism and the maintenance of Indigenous knowledge within contemporary
political and legal contexts. Open to all classes. Dist: SOC; WCult:
NW. Ranco.
55. Natural Resource and Ecological Economics (Identical to Economics
55)
07W, 08W: 10
This course examines the use of economic concepts and methods in the
management of natural resources and ecological systems. Topics including
welfare economics, common pool resources, non-market valuation, and discounting
procedures are developed and applied to problems such as fisheries management,
forest management, and biodiversity conservation. The course explores the links
between economic growth, resource depletion, and global environmental change
and the use of economic and ecological indicators in measuring and achieving
sustainable development. Emphasis is placed on both the disciplinary aspects of
economic analysis and the role of economics in interdisciplinary
problem-solving.
Prerequisites: Economics 1 and Mathematics 3 or the equivalent;
Environmental Studies 2 or 3; or permission of the instructor. Dist:
SOC. Howarth.
56. Environmental Economics, Policy and Management (Identical to
Economics 56)
07S, 08S: 2
This course applies economic methods and concepts to issues of the
environment, environmental policy analysis, and management. Topics include
property rights, externalities, cost-benefit analysis, economic instruments for
pollution control, and environmental policy and management applications (e.g.
acid rain, global climate change, ozone, local air pollution, solid and
hazardous waste). The course will combine lectures that introduce methods and
concepts of environmental economics with classroom discussion of case
studies.
Prerequisites: Economics 1 and Mathematics 3, or the equivalent, or
permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Fisher-Vanden.
58. Environmental Justice Movements in the United States (Identical to
Native American Studies 58)
07W: 2A 07F: 10
This class will explore how communities of color have responded to the
incidence, causes, and effects of environmental racism. Special attention will
be given to how the critiques offered by these communities challenge the
knowledge and procedural forms of justice embedded in environmental policy in
the United States. Case studies will be drawn from readings on
African-Americans, European-Americans, Chicano and Latino Americans, and Native
Americans.
Open to all classes. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier:
WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: CI. Dorsey (07W),
Ranco (07F).
60. Environmental Law
07X: 10A
Today's struggles over establishing environmental law and policy are not
simply based on questions of 'what to do,' i.e., of what regulations
to implement or law to pass, but rather of what should humanity's relation be
to its surroundings, i.e., 'what to think.' This course will therefore
consider an understanding of the historical attitude toward the environment,
particularly in America; the role of the lawyer in effecting environmental
policy today; and the lawyer's role in defining our future relation to the
environment. There will be visiting lecturers.
Enrollment limited. Dist: SOC.
65. International Environmental Issues
07W, 08W: 10A
This course will examine key international environmental issues such as
desertification, wildlife, fragile ecosystems, ocean issues, environmental
health, and land use. The approach is from a social science, human ecology
perspective. The United Nations Environment Programme will also be focused
upon. Case histories will be drawn from the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean
Sea, China, East Africa, and elsewhere. Readings will be from original
materials and the current literature. Dist: INT. Dorsey.
72. Nature Writers
08S: 10A
This course combines reading, writing and field work to explore the breadth
and richness of the Nature Writing genre. It will be a literature class that
will expose you to a variety of nature writing forms; a field course, in which
you will take to the field a number of times during the term to put yourself in
the practical position of a nature writer; and a writing workshop in which you
will write your own literary nature-related essays and critique each other's
pieces in class.
Enrollment is limited, and students interested in the course must apply.
Applications will include a writing sample-a 3-page personal narrative based on
a nature-related experience; the forms should be requested from the instructor.
Applications are due on the last day of classes of winter term (the term before
the class is offered), and students who are accepted will be informed on or
before the first day of class. Dist: LIT. Class of 2007 and earlier;
WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Osborne.
73. Environmental Journalism
07S: 10A
This course is an advanced writing seminar. It is designed to teach students
to write clear, interesting and readable articles for the general public on
complex, environmental topics. Students will identify, research and write about
actual environmental issues, with frequent critiques and rewrites. They will be
evaluated as members of a professional writing staff and their goal will be
publication in a variety of commercial media. Enrollment is limited. Written
permission required. Dist: SOC. Shepherd.
79. The Soil Resource (Identical to and described under Earth
Sciences 79)
Not offered in the period from 06F through 08S
80. Seminar in Environmental Studies
06F: 10A 07W, 07S: 2A
This course may be offered any term and the content varied according to the
interests of the instructor. Seminars explore contemporary issues and problems
in environmental science, environmental policy, and environmental topics from
the humanities and social sciences. Seminars are primarily designed for juniors
and senior but others may seek permission to enroll. Admission for all students
requires the permission of the instructor. Dist: Varies.
In 06F at 10A, Sustainable Agriculture: Past Development and Future
Prospects. Participants in this seminar course will explore the
environmental consequences of the ways that humans have constructed
agricultural systems in the past and present. Using an ecological framework, we
will evaluate the sustainability of these systems in time and space. We will
reconstruct the development of agriculture through the Holocene, including the
domestication of plants and animals, the Neolithic Revolution, the Dust Bowl,
the Green Revolution, and the rise of industrial agriculture. Using this
historical context, the future of agriculture and possibilities for ecological,
economic, and social sustainability will be considered. Dist: SCI.
McLauchlan
In 07W at 2A, Integrated Assessment Modeling of Global Climate
Change. Integrated assessment models which combine simplified
representations of the socioeconomic determinants of greenhouse gas emissions,
the atmosphere and oceans, and impacts on human activities and ecosystems have
been used extensively to analyze the impacts of a warmer climate and possible
mitigation policies. This seminar will examine the issues that modelers face
when building integrated assessment models of global climate change. This
course is modeling intensive and students will be required to complete a number
of model building exercises.
Prerequisites: Mathematics 3 or the equivalent, or permission from the
instructor. Dist: TAS. Fisher-Vanden.
In 07S at 2A, Valuing the Environment: Economics, Ethics, and Public
Policy. Prerequisites: Environmental Studies 55 or 56; or (by permission)
Economics 1. Howarth.
84. Seminar on Environmental Issues of Southern Africa
06F, 07F: D.F.S.P.
This seminar will coordinate and supplement the material in courses and
field work of the program, using guest speakers and student presentations.
Students, working in small sub-groups, will undertake multidisciplinary studies
of specific regional environmental issues in southern Africa. These projects
will lead to a single major paper produced by the group on an environmental
topic selected in consultation with the instructor. The paper will be -printed
in a volume for use by future students and by interested individuals in the
U.S. and in southern Africa. Satisfies the Culminating Experience
requirement. WCult: NW. Shepherd.
89. Forest Biogeochemistry
Not offered in the period from 06F through 08S
This seminar will examine elemental cycling and related biogeochemical
processes in terrestrial ecosystems with a strong focus on forests of the
temperate and tropical zones. Emphasis will be placed on nutrient cycling,
particularly the nitrogen cycle, and trace metal cycling, particularly lead.
There will be some discussion of water dynamics in forests during the growing
season and during winter.
Prerequisites: Environmental Studies 2 and 30; or Chemistry 5 (or 3) and an
advanced course in ecology or earth sciences; or permission of the instructor.
Dist: SCI.
90. Independent Study and Research
All terms: Arrange
Permission is required from the faculty whom the student will work and the
Program Chair.
91. Thesis Research in Environmental Studies
Independent study
of an environmental problem or issue under the supervision of a member of our
staff. Open only to Environmental Studies majors. May be taken two terms, both
for course credit, but can only count once toward the major. Credit requires
completion of a suitable report. See description of the Honors Program in
Environmental Studies.
Prerequisite: Permission of the faculty advisor.
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