Announcements About This Course Syllabus Appendices Essays Projects Questionnaire	Science and the French Revolution Before Napoleon Science and the French Revolution After Napoleon What happens to science, that had largely been patronized by the King and conducted by nobility, after the King is guillotined, the social elites become restructured, and the nation is plunged into total war? Did revolutionary, nationalist, radical or socialist types of science emerge? And how did Napoleon, an ardent fan of the sciences, seek to remake French scientific institutions after 1799? Science and the Russian Revolution Compared to the massive scientific establishments in Western nations, science and its institutions in Russia before 1917 were small, disorganized and derivative. Marxist-Leninists, however, heralded the "scientific" foundations of their political philosophy. And after Stalin in 1928 launched his first five-year plan for massive industrialization, science and engineering became essential to the ideology and economics of the new Soviet Union. What happened to the earlier "bourgeoise science" and how did a "socialist science" emerge in the USSR? Science and Nazi Germany, 1933-39 Science and Nazi Germany, 1939-45 Germany by 1933 had the world's best scientists, universities and scientific research establishments. Yet in April, 1933, Hitler fired all Jewish state employees, which eliminated over 15 percent of all scientists working in Germany. Did the Nazi Regime by 1939 (or 1945) ruin German science? Did some German scientists successfully resist subordination by the State? Or did Nazi-affiliated scientists continue to perform "good" science?