UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Global Security Fellows Initiative

Occasional Paper No. 9

Global Security Fellows Initiative: An Annotated Bibliography

by

Jack Shepherd and Rebecca Eldredge
September 1997
ISBN #1 900741 25 3

©Dr. Jack Shepherd and Ms. Rebecca Eldredge 1997

Guide to using this Bibliography

This Bibliography is organised according to the four GSFI Focus Areas: The Black Triangle, Ethnic and Sectarian Conflict in the Central Carpathian Region, Economic Dislocation and Co-operation in Southern Africa, and Population and Migration in Southern Africa. In addition, the contributions of the GSFI Southern Africa Regional Co-ordinator are included as a separate section. Under each of these general subject areas are numerous sub-headings, reflecting the diversity of approaches taken by the Fellows.

Users of this annotated bibliography wishing to confine their research to Central and Eastern Europe will find Sections I and II to be of particular use, while those concerned with Southern Africa should consult Sections III, IV and V. As certain works cited are of general interest but included under the headings of the individual Focus Areas, it would be worth the user’s while to consult the sub-headings of all the Focus Areas. For example, entries on the environment may be found under all of the Focus Area Sections.

Section I:

GSFI Focus Area 1

The Black Triangle

Ambient Air Pollution

Brunn & Sorenson Group. (1993). Environmental study: Reduction of air pollution and waste handling in the Decin Area, Czech Republic: Final plan. (Brunn & Sorenson Group: Copenhaguen, Denmark)

This study, carried out by the Danish consultancy firm Brunn & Sorenson, was one of the first municipal environmental studies conducted in the Czech Republic after the Velvet Revolution of 1989. The study is mainly concerned with air pollution reduction and waste handling in the town of Decin in the Northern Bohemian region. It submits several proposals for the reduction of smog in the town, and estimates the impacts of the proposed solutions using graphs and tables. The study also includes information on the environmental impacts of central heating, co-generation of electricity and heat from middle sources. Available from Decin Town Hall, the Czech Republic. —Milan Kunc

Daly, M. (1993). Air pollution monitoring. (Sheffield City Council: Sheffield, UK).

Available from the City Council of Sheffield, UK, this report contains basic information on the measurement of ambient air quality as carried out in the city of Sheffield. The book includes tables of measured values of smoke gases and details on the technical equipment used. —Milan Kunc

Elsom, Derek M. (1992). Atmospheric pollution: A global problem. Second Edition. (Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK).

This is the second edition of the classic textbook originally published in 1987. It provides a clear introduction to the problem of air pollution: its causes, effects, and approaches to its control. The book has a simple structure and includes elements ranging from theoretical background material, to urban airborne pollution, to global threats such as ozone depletion and greenhouse effects. Air pollution control strategies in different parts of the world (including the USA, Eastern and Western Europe, and China) are also described. The many tables, graphs, and figures make the book an easy read for even the least experienced student. In addition, the book includes a glossary of key terms and a list of useful addresses. Information on the health effects of atmospheric pollutants and the World Health Organisation’s ‘Guidelines for the Protection of Public Health’ are also included. This book is strongly recommended for students and specialists in environmental sciences, geography, and air-related technical subjects. —Tomasz Stypka

Krupnick, Alan; Harrison, Kenneth; Nickell, Eric and Toman, Michael. (1994). The value of health benefits from ambient air quality improvements in Central and Eastern Eruope: An initial assessment. (Resources for the Future Discussion Paper ENR93-19: Washington, DC, USA).

This study is an effort to estimate in monetary terms a single category of benefits related to improvement of ambient air quality: those of the effects of air pollution on human health. Data sets include ambient concentrations of pollutants from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. —Krzysztof Görlich

Atlases: Geographic & Environmental

Institute of Geography, Czech Republic; The Academy of Sciences of Brno; and Federal Committee for the Environment. (1992). Atlas zivotniho prostredi a zdravi obyvatelsiva CSFR (Atlas of the environment and health of the population of the Czechoslovak Federal Republic). (Institute of Geography, Czech Republic: Prague, Czech Republic).

This is the first attempt at a parallel survey of the condition of the environment and the health of the population not only in the former Czechoslovakia, but throughout Europe and the world. This comprehensive atlas contains a total of 104 maps, including accompanying explanatory texts, figures, charts and graphics in both Czech and English. The main sections are: Geographical conditions (5 maps), Natural and socio-economic factors of the environment (24 maps), Territorial preconditions of the improvement of the state of the environment (21 maps), State of health of the population and network of medical facilities (54 maps). The introduction to this atlas was written by the late Dr. Josef Vavrousek, the first Federal Minister of the Environment of Czechoslovakia under Vaclav Havel. The atlas was presented with great success by Dr. Vavrousek at the Rio Summit in 1992. Available through the Czech Ecological Institute in Prague. —Vaclav Postolka

Magoesi, Paul R. (1993). Historical atlas of East-Central Europe, Vol. I: A history of East-Central Europe. (University of Washington Press: Seattle, Washington, USA).

This atlas is part of the multi-volume History of East-Central Europe published by the University of Washington Press. This volume covers the lands between the linguistic frontier of German and Italian-speaking people on the west, and the political boundaries of the former Soviet Union on the east. Eighty-nine maps and accompanying text detail the historical changes in East-Central Europe from the early fifth century to 1992. This is the first time such a comprehensive historical atlas of the region has been produced. Thematic maps deal with such subjects as economics, education and culture, ecclesiastical structures, demography and ethnicity, and military affairs. Treated in depth are the Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Yugoslav peoples, Albanians, Bulgarians, and Greeks. Its content reflects both geographical and chronological developments, and shows in a systematic fashion the political and administrative changes that have occurred in this area. —Vaclav Postolka

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (PAN IGiPZ). (1994). Atlas srodowiska geograficznego Polski (Atlas of geographical environment of Poland). (Polish Academy of Sciences: Warsaw, Poland).

The Atlas contains 97 tables plus 444 maps, charts and diagrams in both Polish and English. The atlas is the first Polish publication of this type, presenting an integrated approach to the basic problems of nature conservation in Poland. Particular attention is paid to human activities that put the natural environment at risk and to the evaluation of the various qualities of the environment in Poland and the uses to which it may be put. The contents and maps are grouped in 11 thematic sections: consequences of geographical location, climatic phenomena, water resources, resources of mineral raw materials, landscapes and their changes, soil valuation and utilisation, the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, recreational and tourist uses of the geographical environment, natural and cultural values of the geographical environment, and the Baltic-Polish Zone. The atlas is available from Agencja Reklamowo Wydawnicza (A. Grzegorczyk, 00-973 Warszawa ul Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920r. Nr.3, Poland). —Vaclav Postolka

Environmental Education

Cornell, Joseph. (1989). Sharing the joy of nature: Nature activities for all ages. (Dawn Publications: Nevada City, Nevada, USA).

This is a sequel to Cornell's first book, Sharing nature with children. It is a veritable treasury of new games and activities for both adults and children. The book is very useful for teachers; children learn far more effectively if the teacher can imbue the learning experience with a sense of joy, and the wonderful methods described in Joseph Cornell's book will help teachers to do so. Teachers will find in this book new ways to introduce children (and adults) to the joy of learning about nature and the environment. —Maria Kuzniarz

Filho, W.L. (1994). Trends in environmental education in Europe. (University of Bradford Press: Bradford, UK).

This document contains a summary of the presentations made by contributors to the European Colloquium on Environmental Education held at the University of Bradford, UK in February 1994. It also presents an account of the various plenary sessions and working groups at the Colloquium, as well as the document 'Towards an environmentally-aware Europe', the format and contents of which were extensively discussed at the conference. —Maria Kuzniarz

Starke, L. (1989). Signs of hope. (Oxford University Press: New York, New York, USA).

Signs of hope traces international progress in the implementation of the recommendations of Our common future, the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development published in 1987. It looks at initiatives being taken throughout the world by governments, industry, scientists, non-governmental organisations, the media and young people to fulfil these recommendations. The book also points to areas where progress has not been made. The foreword to the book is written by Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway and head of the World Commission on Environment and Development. —Maria Kuzniarz

Technical Education Research Centers. (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994). The Global Laboratory Project. (Technical Education Research Centers: Cambridge, MA, USA).

The Global Laboratory Project is an excellent inter-disciplinary curriculum for environmental education based on low-cost teaching equipment and the use of new technology in teaching. Materials for teachers include instructions on preparing interesting indoor and outdoor activities, using tools as well as telecommunications. In addition, the report contains a useful bibliography. The Project focuses on such issues as building investigative skills, studying chemistry, radioactivity and biodiversity, as well as field studies. Each part of the Global Laboratory Project has a notebook with well-designed teachers’ guides, complete with worksheets for many useful activities and the taking of measurements. The notebooks contain suggestions for research strategies, bibliographies, as well as instructions for using telecommunications and for data entry. —Maria Kuzniarz

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). (1988). International strategy for action in the field of environmental education training for the 1990's. (Majestic Printing Works Ltd: Paris, France).

This document was prepared by the secretariat of UNESCO in collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). The document is the result of discussions about additions and amendments to, and the final approval of, a working document submitted for this purpose to the UNESCO-UNEP International Congress on Environmental Education and Training held in Moscow in 1987 and attended by over 300 specialists from 100 countries. The document is in two parts. Part I seeks to highlight certain needs and priorities with respect to the development of environmental education and training. Part II outlines an international strategy for action in the field of environmental education for the 1990's. This second part contains three chapters, the last of which is structured around nine sections with each section corresponding to an important aspect of environmental education and training or to other particular forms or types of education and training. These include: access to information, research and experimentation, programmes of study and teaching materials, training of personnel, technical and vocational education, educating and informing the public, general university education, specialist training, and international and regional co-operation. —Maria Kuzniarz

Historical & Contemporary Issues: Central-Eastern Europe

Bohac, Zdenek. (1993). Ceske zeme a Luzice (Boehmen und die Lausitz, Ceska a Luzica) (The Czech lands and Lusatia). (Towarstwo Cyrila a Metoda: Bautzen, Germany).

This interesting book deals with the smallest Slavic nation—Lusatian Sorbs—who live in Lower and Upper Lusatia in eastern Germany near the Czech and Polish borders. The book is divided into four main chapters: The cultural relationships between the Czech lands and Lusatia, nationality structure and development in Lusatia, the life of Catholic and evangelistic Lusatian Sorbs, and Lusatian etymology. The book contains maps, tables and figures, and constitutes a significant source of knowledge about the past and present of this ethnic minority. Various parts in the book are written in Czech, Sorbish, and German. This book is available either through the publishing house SURSUM in Tisnov, Czech Republic or Towarstwo Cyrila a Metoda in Bautzen, Germany. —Vaclav Postolka

Marsh, David. (1994). Germany and Europe: The crisis of unity. (W. Heinemann Ltd.: London, UK).

David Marsh, European Editor of The Financial Times, in this work throws light on united Germany’s new place in Europe and the world, as well as on its struggle to cope with the internal strains of reunification. He concludes that the main threat to Europe is not German strength, but German weakness. In addition, the book contains a list of dramatis personae and a record of interviews carried out throughout Europe by the author. The aim in this book is to describe and explain the connections between the rebirth of a united Germany and the diverse changes on the rest of the continent. Marsh argues that without a strong Germany, Europe runs the risk of further weakness and fragmentation, and the transfer of economic growth to the US and the Pacific. —Vaclav Postolka

Rotschild, Joseph. (1992). East-Central Europe between the two world wars, Vol. IX: A History of East-Central Europe. (University of Washington Press: Seattle, Washington, USA).

A sophisticated political history of East Central Europe in the inter-war years written by an eminent scholar in the field, this book is an original contribution to the literature on the political cultures of Poland, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, former Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and the Baltic states. This book provides readers with an excellent introduction to a geographical area of increasing significance. —Vaclav Postolka

International Environmental Management

Euroregion Neisse-Nisa-Nysa. (1992). (Euroregion Neisse-Nisa-Nysa: Liberec, Czech Republic).

This booklet provides information about the Neisse/Nisa/Nysa Euroregion, including maps of the region involved, a discussion of the Euroregion’s organisational structure, and details of its plans of action. —Krzysztof Görlich

Government of Switzerland and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). (1993). Environment for Europe: International legal instruments. (IUCN: Geneva, Switzerland).

The results of a Swiss government questionnaire regarding seven conventions on the environment, as well as comments thereon. —Krzysztof Görlich

Institut fuer Laenderkunde Liepzig, Institut fuer Oekologische Raumentwicklunge. V. Dresden, Institut fuer Regionalentwicklung und Strukturplanung Berlin, Planco Consulting GmbH. Essen. (1993). Raumordnungkonzept fuer den deutsch-polnischen Grenzraum: Analyse der Ausgangssituation in der Deutschen Teilregion (Physical planning concept for the German-Polish border region: Analysis of the current situation). (Bundesministerium fuer Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Stadtebau: Essen, Germany).

A comprehensive study of the German side of the border region between Germany and Poland which lies along the Odra and Nysa rivers. In German with numerous tables and analytical maps. Contains an overview of the situation and provides a ‘snapshot’ view of current demographic patterns, the economic situation, structure of settlements, technical infrastructural networks and environmental conditions. In addition, the authors analyse the consequences of the current situation for the future development, and give strategic planning perscriptions. —Krzysztof Görlich

International Commission for the Protection of the River Elbe. (1993). Pre-feasibility study of parts of the River Elbe Basin: Summary. (Dorsch Consult: Munich, Germany).

This is a water-pollution action-plan rather than a feasibility study, and is aimed at describing measures to improve the environmental situation in the Elbe River catchment area. This is comprised of the area from the River Elbe source to the Czech-German border. Includes a great deal of data and cost estimates of necessary investment. —Krzysztof Görlich

Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. (1992). Sachsen und seine europacische Nachbarschaft. (Saxony and its European neighbourhood). (Landesamt des Friestaates Sachsen: Saxony, Germany)

This is an official statistical yearbook of the state of Saxony in Germany. Available in German only, but it is a key source of official statistical data on the area. —Krzysztof Görlich

The United Nations and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). (1993). Environmental action programme for Central and Eastern Europe: Executive summary. (Product of the Conference of European Environmental Ministers held in Lucerne, Switzerland).

A key document accepted at a meeting of Environmental Ministers from Western and CEE countries. An important summary of actions to be taken to improve and protect the environment of post-communist European countries.—Krzysztof Görlich

The World Commission on Environment and Development. (1991). Our common future. (Oxford University Press: New York, New York, USA).

This report prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development—headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland—serves notice that the time has come for a fusion of economy and ecology so that governments and their people can take responsibility, not just for environmental damage, but also for the policies that cause this damage. The report covers such issues as the benefits of an environmental economy to human resources, food security, energy conservation, industry (producing more with less), peace, development and security. Annex 1 of this book contains a summary of proposed legal principles for environmental protection and sustainable development. —Maria Kuzniarz

Lignite Mining

Borys, Tadeusz and Mazurski, Krzysztof. (1992). Techniczno-ekonomiczne mozliwosci ograniczenia emisji w rejonie przgranicznym Euroregion Nysa (Technical and economic possibilities for reducing pollutant emissions in the border region of Euroregion Nysa). (Projekt Realizacji Poli tyki Ekologicznej dla Obszaru Worka Turoszowskiego: Jelenia Góra, Poland).

An independent report in Polish of the project funded by The Environmental Partnership for Central Europe of the German Marshall Fund on the lignite-fired power plants in the German and Polish parts of the Nysa Euroregion. Based on official statistics and rich in environmental data, it unfortunately includes few conclusions and no discussion of economic considerations at this stage in the project.—Krzysztof Görlich

Miklaszewski, Aureliusz. (1990). Katastrofa Ekologiczna w Okregu Turoszowskim. (Szkola Glówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego: Warsaw, Poland).

A booklet in Polish, this provides extensive descriptions of the environmental impacts of the lignite power plant Turów and lignite open-pit mining in the Turoszów area of Poland which lies at the very centre of the Black Triangle. It includes data tables and two maps.—Krzysztof Görlich

Local Environmental Management

Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Council. (1992). Energy and the urban environment strategy for a major urban centre: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. (Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Council: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK).

This book contains concrete data and advice for development and environmental programmes. It is of particular relevance for urban centres with populations greater than one million people and is available in the City Council Hall of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. —Milan Kunc

Research Triangle Institute (RTI) and Local Environmental Management Project (LEM). (1993) Analiza projektu gospodarki sciekowej z zaleceniami dla gminy Ziebice wwojewodztwie wlbrzyskim.

This report is in restricted circulation and available in English and Polish from Krzysztof Görlich at CityProf (ul. Kordylewskiego 11, IV p., 31-547 Krakow, Poland) and LEM. It includes technical analysis, organisation and management, financial analysis and training suggestions. —Krzysztof Görlich

National Environmental Issues

Czech Republic

Ministry for the Environment of the Czech Republic. (1993). Czech Republic environment in numbers. (Czech Ministry of the Environment: Prague, Czech Republic).

Provides numerical measurements for environmental research areas (such as waste water, soil, and air) in the Czech Republic. Included is basic information on air pollution, water pollution, health conditions, as well as basic geography. This title is available from the Ministry for the Environment of the Czech Republic and is in English. —Milan Kunc

Ministry for the Environment of the Czech Republic and the Czech Ecological Institute, Prague. (1992). Environmental yearbook of the Czech Republic 1991: Environment in the Czech Republic. (Ministry of the Environment: Prague, Czech Republic).

This book contains facts from the Czech Republic on the status of the country’s environment, its range of environmental problems, and data on the health of its inhabitants. Priority is given to graphics with a minimum of commentary in order to encourage further analysis. The contents are divided into four principle sections: factors affecting changes of the environment, the state and trends of the environmental components, impacts of environmental changes, and environmental policy tools. This yearbook as well as subsequent ones (written in English) are available through the Czech Ministry for the Environment (Ministerstvo zivotniho prostredi CR) or the Czech Ecological Institute (Cesky ekologicky ustav) in Prague. —Vaclav Postolka

Odbor Regionalni Statistiky. (June 6, 1993). Districts of the Czech Republic in 1993. (Prague: Government of the Czech Republic).

This work contains statistical information on all regional unities (districts) within the Czech Republic. Gives information by district on population, geography (and related geographical issues), and the environment. Published in Czech. —Milan Kunc

Germany

Saxonian Ministry for the Environment and Physical Planning. (1994). Freistaat Sachsen: Umweltbericht 1994—Ein Bericht zur Umweltsituation im Zeitraum von 1990 bis 1993 (Saxonian Free State: Environment 1994—The report on the environmental situation from 1990 to 1994). (Saxonian Ministry for the Environment: Dresden, Germany).

This report—written in German—is an overview of the vital environmental and political issues of the newly-created Saxonian state. Its contents are divided into 11 sections: General principles, Basic questions, Water treatment, Waste treatment, Ecological heritage, Environmental geology, Soil and land conservation, Air pollution, Noise pollution, Radioactivity in the environment, and Nature and landscape protection and conservation. It contains important data incorporated into maps, tables, charts and diagrams on the environmental situation and problems within Saxony. The report is available through Sacchisches Ministerium fuer Umwelt und Landesentwicklung (Ostra-Alle 23 01067 Dresden, Germany). —Vaclav Postolka

Poland

PIOS—Wojewodzki Inspedtorat Ochrany Srodowiska w Jeleniej Gorze. (1994). Raport o stanie srodowiska w wojewodztwie Jeleniogorskim w 1993 roku (The report on the environment in Jelenia Gora County in 1993). (Jelenia Gora County Environmental Inspectorate: Warsaw, Poland).

This annual report—which has been published since 1978—contains a description and analysis of the environmental situation of the territory of Jelenia Gora County (one of the most environmentally damaged parts of the Polish side of the Black Triangle and which abuts the Czech and German borders) in 1993. This report contains information on such issues as surface water contamination, industry and municipality waste, air pollution, noise pollution by transportation, radioactivity, ecologically threatened areas, nature conservation, and activities of the County Environmental Inspectorate in 1993. The report—written in Polish—contains a large amount of data and information in the form of tables, graphics, and diagrams, and is available through the County Environmental Inspectorate (WIOS) in Jelenia Góra or the National Environmental Inspectorate (PIOS) in Warsaw. —Vaclav Postolka

Uranium Mining and Mill Tailings

Beleites, Michael. (1992). Altlast Wismut: Ausnahmezustand, Umweltkatastrophe und das Sanierungsproblem im deutschen Uranbergbau. (The Wismut Relics: State of emergency, environmental catastrophy and the problem of cleanup with uranium mining in Eastern Germany). (Brandes & Apsel Verlag: Frankfurt, Germany).

The title is a play on words (The Relic Wismut). An improved and updated edition of the legendary Samisdat study of 1988 Pechblende: der Uranbergbau in der DDR und die Folgen (Pitchblend: Uranium mining in the GDR and its consequences). —Peter Diehl

Beleites, Michael. (1991). Untergrund: Ein Konflikt mit der Stasi in der Uran-Provinz. (Underground: A conflict with the Stasi in the Uranium Province). (Basisdruck Verlag: Berlin, Germany).

The author of the Samisdat study Pitchblend of 1988 on uranium mining in the GDR reports on his persecution by the Stasi (East German secret police). —Peter Diehl

International Atomic Energy Agency. (1992). Technical report series no. 335: Current practices for the management and confinement of uranium mill tailings. (International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna, Austria).

A report on the management of uranium mining tailings. It can be ordered through national IAEA sales agents and the Division of Publications, International Atomic Energy Agency (Wagramerstr. 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria, Tel. +43-1-2360). —Peter Diehl

Lengfelder, E. et al., ed. (1995). Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fuer Strahlenschutz: Gesundheitliche Risiken und Folgen des Uranbergbaues in Thueringen und Sachsen. (Health risks and impacts of uranium mining in Thuringia and Saxony). (Medizin Verlag: Munich, Germany).

Proceedings of the second annual meeting of the Society for Radiation Protection. — Peter Diehl

Paul, Reimar. (1991). Das Wismut Erbe: Geschichte und Folgen des Uranbergbaus in Thueringen und Sachsen. (The Wismut legacy: History and consequences of uranium mining in Thuringia and Saxony). (Verlag Die Werkstatt: Goettingen, Germany).

A history of uranium mining in the GDR, including many interviews with former miners. —Peter Diehl

SDAG Wismut, ed. (1990). Seilfahrt: Auf den Spuren des saechsischen Uranerzbergbaus. (Travelling in a mine cage: Tracing the Saxonian uranium mining). (Bode Verlag: Haltern, Germany).

A book of plates on the history of uranium mining in the Saxonian part of Wismut's uranium mining province. —Peter Diehl

Uranium Mill Tailings Study Panel, National Research Council. (1986). Scientific basis for risk assessment and management of uranium mill tailings. (National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., USA).

A comprehensive overview of the health and environmental risks posed by uranium mill tailings and their management. Can be ordered through: Board on Radioactive Waste Management, National Research Council (2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418, USA). —Peter Diehl

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation Programs. (1983). Potential health and environmental hazards of uranium mine wastes: Report to U.S. Congress, Vol. 2. (U.S. EPA Office of Radiation Programs: Washington, D.C., USA). Report-No.: EPA/520/1-6-83-007-VOL-2, Order-No.: PB83- 263343

A complete overview of the health and environmental hazards posed by uranium mining, in situ leaching, and uranium mine wastes (not including uranium mill tailings). Can be ordered through: National Technical Information Service (5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, USA, Tel. +1-703-487-4650, Fax: +1-703-321-8547). —Peter Diehl

Section II:

GSFI Focus Area 2

Ethnic & Sectarian Conflict in the Central Carpathian Region

Atlases

Magocsi, P.R. (1993). Historical atlas of East-Central Europe. (University of Washington Press: London, UK).

This important book includes more than one hundred maps and charts illustrating the ancient and modern history of East-Central Europe. It also includes brief explanations of historic events and forces that have led to changes in the map over time. In spite of some controversial statements and assumptions, this book is very useful for those who wish to study the history of this region. —Yaroslav Pilinskii

Attitudes & Social Interaction

Allport, Gordon W. (1958). The nature of prejudice: A comprehensive and penetrating study of the origin and nature of prejudice. (Doubleday: New York, New York, USA).

This is a classic book on social psychology which is essential for those who want to understand the roots of conflict in both culture and industry. The author stresses the plural causation of prejudice, and examines the economic, historical, cultural and situational factors which influence prejudicial and stereotypical thinking. In looking into the process of designating ‘in-group’ and ‘out-group’, Allport finds that group differences, their social structures, and cultural patterns contribute to the formation of a group identity. He understands the development of prejudice as the result of perception and consideration of group differences. The positive and negative dynamics of prejudice in society are also discussed. Moreover, Allport attempts to indicate ways to reduce group tensions and conflicts. Many issues are considered in the book—including racial and ethnic differences and the role of religion—and may serve as a starting point for understanding social processes. —Anna Adamus-Matuszynska

Lippmann, Walter (1956). Public opinion. XV Edition. (The Macmillan Company: New York, New York, USA).

This book was first published in 1922. Fortunately, the ideas presented are so universal and timeless that it continues to be relevant for contemporary readers. Lippmann explains how an individual builds his or her image of a particular event: each person perceives the world around him not from his experiences but from feelings, emotions and mental images of events. One perceives according to pictures in one’s mind formulated by oneself or passed on by society. The book goes on to discuss the problem of stereotypes, which Lippmann understands as pictures in people’s heads which determine people’s perceptions of the world. To predict how people may behave, understanding stereotypes is essential. Public opinion is the last and most important element considered in this work. Lippmann presents ways of forming public opinion and comments on its influence on democracy and social and political movements.

— Anna Adamus-Matuszynska

Nowak, Stefan, ed. (1973) Teorie postaw (Theories of attitudes). (Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe: Warsaw, Poland).

The book is an excellent collection of papers written by Polish sociologists and psychologists. Each chapter considers a separate problem related to social attitudes. Stefan Nowak’s opening article discusses the concept of attitude in theory and as used in applied social research. The second chapter, by Janusz Reykowski, presents the relationship between personality and attitudes. Chapter three, by Kazimierz Obuchowski, seeks to identify the mechanisms of the formation and function of attitudes. The next chapter, by Julia Sowa, presents the psychoanalytic theory of attitude. Elzbieta Tkaczyk analyses attitudes according to theories of learning. Chapter six, written by Stanislaw Mika, consists of a commentary on the problem of the ‘internationalisation’ of attitudes. Hanna Malewska writes on process of socialisation, Antonia Kloskowska on cultural determination of attitudes, and Irena Nowakowa the relationship between social structure and attitudes. The final chapter, by Tadeusz Madrzycki, describes conditions underwhich and means by which attitudes may change. The book assumes that attitudes are variables which influence and modify people’s behaviour and provides a theoretical as well as empirical approach to the study of attitudes. A classic of Polish sociological literature. —Anna Adamus-Matuszynska

Conflict & Co-operation

Aron, Raymond. (1995). Paix et guerre entre nations. (War and peace between nations). (Centrum im. Adama Smitha: Warsaw, Poland).

This book, first published in 1962 but not allowed in Poland until 1989, provides an excellent, realistic approach to contemporary international relations. The author successfully attempts to formulate a method to describe and understand social realities. Aron analyses international relations on three levels: theoretical, sociological and historical. The book consists of six chapters in which the author undertakes to look at problems of foreign policy goals, international systems, and the dialectic of war and peace. Each idea is supported by reliable examples, historical background materials and sociological explanation. His rich scientific background and deep historical knowledge, coupled with an interpretative style and insightful analysis make for an interesting discussion of the international system. As such it is recommended reading for anyone interested in international relations and global security. —Anna Adamus-Matuszynska

Kende, Péter. (1994). Miért nincs rend Kelet-Közép-Európában?. (Why is there no order in East-Central Europe?). (Osiris-Századvég: Budapest, Hungary).

This study serves three ends: it is a skillful investigation of the Eastern European political scene, an inquiry into post-communist politics, and an attempt to gauge the impact of emerging political realities in Eastern Europe on the rest of Europe and the world. The three main themes of the book are: ‘the trap of nation-statehood’, the ‘co-existence of different peoples’ and ‘democracy’. These themes are linked by the fact that the new basis for post-Cold War statehood in East-Central Europe was determined by the communist legacy: its framework, its inner tensions, its attempts, and its failures. Kende also touches on such key issues as self-determination, communism and nationalism in Eastern Europe, the problems of minorities in countries defined by a majority rule of law in the region, and the potential for overcoming the Hungarian-Romanian conflict, among others. —Eva Blenesi .

Rupesinghe, Kumar and Kuroda, Michiko, eds. (1992). Early warning and conflict resolution. (Macmillan Press: Basingstoke, UK).

The contributions in this volume address some of the conceptual and practical problems in early warning systems and conflict prevention. Some of the authors in the volume argue that a distinction must be made between early warning as contingency planning (for example, in the case of refugee flows), and early warning as a form of conflict prevention. Others are strongly in favour of human rights standards as appropriate measures for monitoring situations in individual countries. Several papers discuss the role of the UN in early warning systems. One essay reflects upon the emergence of a new world order and provides a wider discussion on global governance and conflict. One of the fundamental problems in developing an integrated early warning system, argues another author, is the lack of a central forum where those involved in early warning systems could marshal their resources and encourage the formulation of effective policies and strategies. Included as well is an innovative study which reveals how to identify countries with a history of human rights violations and which harbour the potential for wide-spread violence or genocide. Although the papers represent different approaches and different points of view, the common denominator is that they seek consensus on the minimum requirements for effective early warning systems.

— Eva Blenesi

The Environment

Brookfield, H.C. (1969). ‘On the environment as perceived.’ Progress in Geography 1:51-80.

A classic article in which the basic principles of perceptional geography are presented in a concise but comprehensive way. Despite its age, the article many of the ideas it contains remain unexplored in the fields of geography and sociology. —Michael Grodzinski

Environment for Europe. (1994). Environmental action programme for Central and Eastern Europe. Abridged version of the document endorsed by the ministerial conference, Lucerne, Switzerland 28-30 April 1994.

This important document provides a penetrating analysis of the environmental situation in post-communist Central and Eastern European states. It includes a variety of data taken both from governmental and independent sources. The document’s most important contribution is its prediction of future developments in the environmental situation in the region. Based on these predictions, recommendations are made of political, economic and other approaches which may be used to avoid environmental disaster in East-Central Europe. Those interested in environmental problems in post-totalitarian countries will find the work of particular interest. —Michael Grodzinski

Forman, R.T.T. and Gordon, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. (John Wiley & Sons: New York, New York, USA).

This is the best book on landscape ecology—a modern synthetic science which tries to find holistic approachs to the analysis of society-economy-nature-history interactions. The book, written by well-known American landscape ecologists, is very long (620 pages) and covers all ecological and geographical issues in landscape ecology. It is highly recommended for persons engaged in landscape protection, regional planning and the environment. The bibliography to this book contains a comprehensive list of publications on landscape ecology up to 1985. —Michael Grodzinski

Slocock, B. (1992). The East European environment crisis: Its extent, impact and solutions. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Special Report 2109. (EIU: London, UK)

This report presents a professional analysis of the current environmental situation in the East-Central European countries of Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Slovak Republics and is illustrated with relevant data and figures. The roots of a current environmental situation, possible scenarios for its future transformation, and the role of environmental NGOs in particular are considered. The viewpoint presented is a typical example of the Western perspective on environmental and social conditions in post-communist Central-Eastern Europe. —Michael Grodzinski

Ethnicity & Ethnic Identity

Gurr, Ted Robert. (1993). Minorities at risk: A global view of ethnopolitical conflicts. (United States Institute of Peace Press: Washington, D.C., USA).

This comprehensive study attempts a substantial empirical and integrated analysis of community and conflict since the end of World War II, with a special focus on the 1980s. It provides a survey of 233 politically-active communal groups as well as an in-depth assessment of ethnic tensions in Western countries, the Middle East, Africa and the former Soviet bloc. Throughout this study the author makes clear that ethnically-based conflict is a pervasive and world-wide phenomenon which often erupts into cruelty and violence and which frequently crosses national borders, thereby becoming a regional—and at times global—issue. Gurr first defines, identifies and categorises the minority groups, and then examines their grievances and disadvantages in an attempt to explain why disadvantaged groups mobilise. At the same time, he analyses the traits that distinguish these groups from dominant ones, giving special attention to material and political inequalities and discrimination. He does not limit his study to an identification and analysis of the problem, but undertakes to evaluate strategies that have successfully reduced ethnic conflicts. One of the great merits of the book is that many of its statistically-based findings have important policy implications. —Eva Blenesi

Kocsis, Karoly. (1994). ‘Contribution to the background of the ethnic conflicts in the Carpathian Basin.’ GeoJournal 32(4):425-433).

This article gives an accurate picture of one of the most ethnically heterogeneous regions in Europe. Over the course of the history of the Carpathian Basin, this ethnic diversity has influenced interrelationships between different groups of people and states. Given this context, the author seeks to ascertain the causes of national turmoil and ethnic clashes in the region. After a historical sketch of the changing ethnic configuration of the Carpathian Basin, the author discusses the current ethnic situation in the area with regard to settlement, demography, possibilities for regional autonomy, and inter-state relations where the minority in one state is the majority in another. The study is rich in statistical data and achieves a balance between analysis and interpretation. —Eva Blenesi

In addition, this study explains the historical roots of and changes in the present-day ethnic structure of the Danube Basin (in Kocsis’s terminology Carpathian Basin). This area includes Hungary, Slovakia, Transcarpathia (Ukraine), Transylvania (Romania), Voivodina (Yugoslavia), the territories of present Croatia (under Hungarian authority till 1918), Trans Mura Region (Slovenian Prekmurje) and Burgendland (Austria) between 1880 and 1990. On the basis of censuses held about 1990, the ethnic composition of the Carpathian Basin is analysed. Special attention is paid to the Hungarian minorities who inhabit a relatively contiguous area in neighbouring countries and who are highly politically organised. One chapter is devoted to Gypsies whose population growth was especially dramatic after World War II in Central and Eastern Europe and whose particular lifestyle often causes tensions between them and the ethnic majorities in many states. —Vladimir Ira

Kovac, Dusan, ed. (1993). History and politics. (Czecho-Slovak Committee of the European Cultural Federation: Bratislava, Slovakia).

This book was published following a symposium held in Bratislava on 12-15 November 1992 concerning ethnic relations between national minorities in different countries; in particular, Czechs residing in Slovakia and Hungary. In parts I and II several authors express different views on the incidence of nationalism in minority groups in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the historical heritage and ethnic structure of Central Europe. Part III includes articles regarding the protection and assurance of the cultural rights of minorities. The next section introduces some of the reasons for ethnic conflict in this region as viewed through a generalized framework for analysis on the rise of ethnic conflict. One of the most important issues that seems to have a bearing on the development of problems with minorities is that of language. Language—the means of communication—is linked to identity; this dynamic is discussed by several authors. For those interested in the problems faced by minorities who have been oppressed or whose idenity has been suppressed, part VII includes articles regarding Ruthenians, Croats, Jews, and Gypsies in Slovakia. This book addresses many of the problems related to the existence of national minorities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and is a very good source of various different modern views on minority issues. Moreover, the book includes international resolutions concerning national minorities and the protection of their rights. —Izabela Suchanek

Ethnicity & Geography

Fernández-Armesto, F., ed. (1994). The Times guide to the peoples of Europe. (Times Books: London, UK).

This encyclopedia of peoples helps towards a better understanding of the highly diverse ethnic structure of the European population. The authors broach the sensitive subjects of national identity and ethnicity in each European country. History and tradition receive special attention. The chapters on religion, language, secular culture, political culture, popular culture, economy and society, law and politics, and art serve as a valuable source of information for demographic, human geographical, ethnological and social anthropological research. —Vladimir Ira

Gumilev, L.N. (1990). Geografija etnosa v istoricheskij period (Ethnic geography in historical perspective). (Nauka: Leningrad, USSR).

This book by a Russian dissident is published in Russian. The book presents an unorthodox methodology for the analysis of ethnic development. Gumilev explains waves of ethnic group activity (‘passionarity’) utilising an approach typical of the natural sciences. The interactions between culture, ethnic processes and the environment are accurately described and supported by examples from different regions and periods which are very interesting in themselves. Readers will find startlingly new and original approaches and ideas in this work. Well known in the former USSR, this book is worthy of translation into English. It is available through Nauka Press (offices in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia). —Michael Grodzinski

Kocsis, Karoly. (1992). Changing ethnic, religious and political patterns in the Carpatho-Balkan area: A geographical approach. Studies in Geography in Hungary, 27. (Akadémia Kiadó: Budapest, Hungary).

The Carpatho-Balkan Area is extremely diverse both ethnically and religiously. The current ethnic and religious structure of the population in the region is described in this work. Along with an overview of the changing ethnic and migratory trends in the period of 1920-1980 and a historical-geographical explanation of the current ethnic and political tensions. The area studied includes the regions of the Danube Basin—Hungary, Slovakia, Transcarpathia, Transylvania, Voivodina—and part of the Balkans (according to contemporary administrative borders). —Vladimir Ira

Euroregions & Transborder Co-operation

Kuzniar, R. (1994). ‘Euroregion Karpacki—przeslanki powstania, uwarunkowania wspolpracy’ (‘The Carpathian Euroregion—Factors in its creation, conditions of co-operation’). Sprawy Miedzynarodowe 3(XLVII): 73-100.

This article describes the circumstances surrounding the establishment of the Carpathian Euroregion Association, the conditions of co-operation, and the difficulties encountered in the process of its founding. Included are facts concerning the political context in which the Carpathian Euroregion was established, the organisation’s basic goals, and the primary difficulties and achievements in seeking co-operation related to the particular interests of the individual associated states. —Izabela Suchanek

Professor Kuzniar, currently the Polish Ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva, examines in this work the role of the Carpathian Euroregion Association in an integrated Europe. In addition, he details the role of local authorities, business people, and NGOs in the process of integration in the border regions of Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Hungary. He also examines the role of the Carpathian Euroregion in conflict prevention and confidence-building processes. —Zofia Kordela-Borczyk

Malchus, V. (1994). Towards sustainable economic and social development of border regions. Results of the 6th European Conference of Bordering Regions, Ljubliana, Slovenia, 13-15 October, 1994.

These documents were prepared for post-conference publication and examine the role of economic, cultural and social co-operation in bordering areas. Particularly useful is the description of the advantages of co-operation. By looking at case studies on the international level, the author provides useful indicators of how to make the new Euroregions successful. —Zofia Kordela-Borczyk

Historical Perspectives

Manning, A. Clarence. (1951). Twentieth-century Ukraine. (Bookman Associates: New York, New York, USA).

A very important book on Ukrainian history and Ukraine’s relations with its neighbours in the 20th century. As it exposes modern political and ethnic frictions in Central-Eastern Europe, it may serve as a starting point for a more in-depth look at the dynamics and processes in the modern history of the region. —Yaroslav Pilinskii

Subtelny, O. (1988). Ukraine: A history. (University of Toronto Press: London, UK).

This is the best and most impartial review of Ukrainian history written and printed in English. It is written in an objective academic style and presents the political and cultural history of Ukraine from ancient times until the last decades of the 20th century. —Yaroslav Pilinskii

Human Geography

Walmsey, D.J. and Lewis, G.J. (1994). People and environment: Behavioural approach in human geography. Second edition. (Longman Scientific & Technical: Burnt Mill, Harlow, UK).

This book brings together in a comprehensive manner both structural and behavioural approaches to the study of the interaction between people and the environment. The structural approach consists of the study of individual decision-making units. By contrast, the micro-scale means of study adopts a view of human behaviour which highlights distinctly human characteristics and activities, thereby dispensing with both the notion of the mind as a ‘black box’ and the idea that individuals are powerless in the face of concepts such as class or culture. Particular attention is paid to the interplay between social and spatial structures and human agency. This interaction is illustrated through detailed studies of five key aspects of life, effectively demonstrating the importance of choice and constraint in human exploitation of the environment (both physical and social). —Vladimir Ira

Minorities & Minority Rights

Coexistence Movement. (1994). ‘From Minority Status to Partnership’. The Hungarian Observer. (7):25-35.

This article provides an overview of the situation of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia/Slovakia from 1918 to 1992. The Hungarian minority-Slovak majority relationship is presented from the perspective of the Hungarian minority and considers the past 74 years to have been a period of continuous legal discrimination and material and spiritual damage. It goes so far as to speak of a ‘first ethnic cleansing’ and a ‘second ethnic cleansing’. In addition to the account of the violation of minority rights, there is also a brief analysis of the fields of economy, culture, religion, and the present legal status of the Hungarian minority. Despite the overall pessimistic tone, the concluding part of the article is encouraging, articulating principles for fostering harmonious co-existence. —Eva Blenesi

Fric, Pavol; Gal, Fedor; Huncik, Péter and Lord, Christopher. (1993). The Hungarian minority in Slovakia. (Hic et Nunc: Prague, Czech Republic).

This study looks at Hungarian minorities in Slovakia from international, historical (both through the media and public opinion), legislative and national-political perspectives. The work contends that Slovaks and Hungarians in Slovakia have had misunderstandings and problems throughout history, but that the communist establishment suppressed these differences. Against this background, the authors address several questions, including whether or not the Hungarian minority in Slovakia will provide the spark for violent ethnic confrontation; whether the minorities are being used as scapegoats by politicians who want to draw public opinion away from the slowing of economic transformation; and whether the politics of ethnic and national minorities will constitute a constructive component of the transformation of post-communist societies or represent a stepping-stone towards intercommunal conflict. The authors avoid generalisations or conclusions of any kind; instead they offer different alternatives for possible future scenarios. Available in English. —Eva Blenesi

Plichtov, Jane. (1992). Minorities in politics: Cultural and language rights. (Czechoslovak Committee of the European Cultural Foundation: Bratislava, Slovakia).

This publication is devoted to the political issues surrounding the protection of minorities, particularly nationalism as an ideology. It broaches the question: How can Central and Eastern Europe succeed in progressing from a heritage full of oppression, violence and war, to creating a community of citizens who respect each other? This volume also includes contributions concerned with the ethnic structure of the Danube region in historical and geographical perspective, and contributions that attempt to define and classify individual ethnic, cultural and religious minorities and to discuss their historic fate. —Yaroslav Pilinskii

The Nation-State & Nationalism

Gellner, Ernest (1991). Nations and nationalism. (Panstowowy Instytut Wydawniczy: Warsaw, Poland).

An important book written by sociologist and philosopher Ernest Gellner who died in 1995. The author considers two questions: What is nationalism? and Where are a nation’s roots to be found?. He seeks answers to these questions by looking at the past and tracing the transformation of society from its agrarian culture, through the industrial period to the epoch of nationalism. He also examines sociological and philosophical theories of nation and culture. Through this theoretical and historical analysis, Gellner formulates a definition of ‘nationalism’ and ‘nation’. The work contributes a completely new point of view on the problem of whether culture serves as a main element of the nation-building process or is a reflection of a social reality. Gellner concludes that nationalism is the result of an interaction between bureaucracy, technology and the process of globalisation. Nationalism appears in the process of reducing smaller cultures through the imposition of a stronger, so-called higher, culture. Ultimately he concludes that a nation is a social unit which seeks political support through its realisation as its own state. This book is essential reading for all who want to understand ethnic and national conflicts. —Anna Adamus-Matuszynska

Post-Communist Economic & Political Transformations

General

Gel, A. (1993). The Transformation of economies in Central and Eastern Europe: Issues, progress and prospects. World Bank Policy and Research Series, 17. (The World Bank: Washington, D.C., USA).

This paper charts the possible outcomes of the major changes in Central-Eastern Europe for the next ten years. Data documenting progress to date is provided, and the paper also assists in a better understanding of the role of the open market economy in democratic societies. —Zofia Kordela-Borczyk

Howard, A.E. Dick, ed. (1993). Constitution making in Eastern Europe. (Woodrow Wilson Center Press: Princeton, New Jersey, USA).

This book is very useful for those interested in the transformation of the political systems of the Central and Eastern European countries after communism. Several authors—interested in their countries’ demographic changes—highlight the main issues and problems with constitutional change in the transition from a totalitarian to a democratic system. It is very valuable work because the authors are citizens of the countries in question, thereby guaranteeing that they understand the central concerns these states are facing. —Izabela Suchanek

O’Loughlin, J. and van der Wusten, H. (1993). The new political geography of Eastern Europe. (Belhaven Press: London, UK).

This book is a product of the conference on political changes in Eastern Europe held in Prague in 1991. The fifteen chapters in this book are divided into four section. The introductory section is devoted to the new political geography of Eastern Europe and to the transition to democracy. Part two, entitled ‘Geopolitical shifts’, deals with post-Cold War security in the new Europe, the geopolitical transition as it effects agriculture, political and economic relations of the Soviet Union, and breaking the Cold War mould in Europe. Part three—’Social and political transformations’—analyses the ethno-national aspirations in the Soviet Union and its successor regimes, pluralist mobilisation as a catalyst for the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, demographic development of Gypsies in Czechoslovakia and its policy perspectives, minorities in Romania after Causescu and environmental politics, and finally, democracy and economic restructuring in Bulgaria. The last part discusses new electoral geographies in general, the characteristics of the electoral geography of the former Soviet Union (1988-91), elections and political restructuring in Poland (1988-91), the Czechoslovak parliamentary election of 1990, and the Hungarian parliamentary elections of 1989.

—Vladimir Ira

The World Bank. (1993). Evolving a legal framework for private sector development in Central and Eastern Europe. World Bank Discussion Papers, No.209. (The World Bank: Washington, D.C, USA).

All the World Bank discussion papers are extremely useful, but this is a particularly important one. The paper shows the regional locations and patterns of diffusion of new private enterprises in Central-Eastern Europe. The paper also includes the legal frameworks under which companies may be established in the region and the main barriers to further development. —Zofia Kordela-Borczyk

Former Czechoslovakia

Rey, V., ed. (1994). Transition, fragmentation, récomposition: Tchéco-Slovaquie en 1992. (ENS Éditions: Fontenay-St. Cloud, France).

The individual chapters in this book incorporate different theoretical perspectives broadly indicative of the range of approaches taken in the social sciences—from qualified modelling, to ‘objective’ analyses of cultural markers, and finally to more subjective methods involving live experiences and behavioural analysis. All of chapters are concerned with identifying, situating and evaluating phenomena which contribute to geographic differentiation, in order to better understand how concrete differences which yield mechanisms for territorial auto-organisation maintain and renew themselves. The most interesting parts of the publication (from a GSFI project viewpoint) are those chapters by V. Rey (Czechoslovakia–Transition, fragmentation, recomposition: Current events and geographical problematics) and by P. Danek (Re-emergence of the boundaries of the past: Elements of the cultural and political differentiation of Czechoslovakian territory). In French. —Vladimir Ira

Trade Links. The Slovak Republic in a nutshell. (1993). (Trade Links: Prague, Czech Republic).

This small report comprises basic facts about the political system, economy, and national structure of the Slovak Republic in addition to other useful information. It is a valuable resource for those who require concise and current facts and information about the Republic of Slovakia. The sections on the Republic’s constitution and on minorities are very useful for understanding the political mechanisms of Slovakia.

— Izabela Suchanek

Hungary

Bohm, A., and Nemes-Nagy, J. (1993). Hungary: Society, state, economy and regional structure in transition. (Cataloguing-in publication).

This book provides an excellent overview of the economic, social and political situation in Hungary during the recent period of transformation. The kind of knowledge provided about Hungary can be easily adapted to other countries in transition. From the point of view of my research, the description of the private sector, foreign investments, and unemployment were extremely useful. The book finds many ways of examining the role of the private sector and foreign investments in supporting the democratic changes and developments in the process of building a new Europe. —Zofia Kordela-Borczyk

Poland

Rosatti, D. (1995). Political and economic transformation in East and Central Europe: Economic transformation of Poland. Austrain Institute for International Affairs Series. (Westview Press: Vienna, Austria).

Professor Rosatti, who is the current Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, explains the process of economic transformation in Poland. He describes the leading role of Poland in the creation of an open market economy in Central and Eastern Europe, and analyses the future of the transformation process in Poland and other post-Communist countries. Attention is also given to the democratic regulation of the state. —Zofia Kordela-Borczyk

Ukraine

Allison, R. (1993). ‘Security issues in Ukraine with Eastern, Central, and Western Europe’. Politichna dumka (Political Thought). 1:207-212.

The author of this article is a senior lecturer at the Centre for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK. Ukraine’s relations with Central and Eastern European states are discussed in three parts. The first part of the article includes thoughts regarding Ukranian neutrality. The next discusses Ukrainian relations with neighbours Russia, Belarus, the states of the Visegrad Triangle (Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary), Romania, Moldova, and Turkey. Finally, Ukranian relations with Western states are characterised and its participation in NATO considered. The article approaches these problems from a neutral point of view and highlights the most important elements of Ukranian foreign policy. Published in Ukranian and English.—Izabel Suchanek

Section III:

GSFI Focus Area 3

Population & Migration in Southern Africa

Children in Difficult Circumstances

United Nations Children’s Fund. (1995). The state of the world’s children. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK).

This is a series publication for UNICEF in which they regularly review the state of the world’s children. It provides information on the welfare of children in such situations as refugee camps and other circumstances in which they might be at risk. This publication is very useful, particularly for child welfare practitioners. The 1996 publication focuses on children in war situations and amplifies and highlights the problems they face. For the sub-Saharan region—which continues to receive enormous waves of refugees—this publication will be very useful. —Israel Chokuwenga

Citizenship

Political Geography. 14(2).

This edition of the journal presents a collection of original articles thematically organised around the theme of citizenship, which is presented primarily as a spatial phenomenon. The contributions are enormously varied and interesting in scope, and range from the problem of the exclusion of ‘insiders’ as full participants in the public sphere of citizenship, such as the disabled, the gay community, minority groups and blacks in ‘European’ countries; to the increasingly controversial and explosive issue of immigrants in host countries. All of the articles adopt the novel approach of addressing citizenship not merely as a legal status, but as a spatially-determined realm of human action and interaction. —Maxine Reitzes

Development: Theoretical Perspectives

Mabogunje, A. L. (1980). The development process: A spatial perspective. (Hutchinson Press: London, UK).

This book provides a spatial perspective on development issues. It explains how a spatial perspective is used from a modernisation stance to ‘produce’ spatially uneven development—a core-periphery dualism. The book uses the modernisation approach of ‘manufacturing’ of core-periphery dualism to investigate spatially uneven development in a variety of settings, for example urban-rural dialectics.This is a most important book for anyone interested in understanding how a spatial perspective is used to investigate issues of development. —Johannes Tsheola

The Environment

Brown, Lester et al. (1994, seq.). State of the world in 1994: A Worldwatch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society. (W.W. Norton & Co.: New York, NEw York, USA).

This annual publication presents, as its title implies, a useful overview of the global environment. It furthermore provides practical suggestions and strategies for overcoming some of the problems and threats facing humanity. It pays special attention to the position of women and to strategies that would enable women to improve their quality of life in such a way that child-bearing is not the only route out of poverty. —Maxi van Aardt

Chenje, Munyaradzi and Johnson, Ohyllis, eds. (1994). State of the environment in Southern Africa. (Southern African Research & Documentation Centre, in collaboration with IUCN & SADC: Harare, Zimbabwe).

This book explores environmental issues and processes in Southern Africa—one of the most ecologically rich and diverse regions in the world. The collection reviews the resources shared by the member countries of the Southern African development Community (SADC). The material is presented around three themes. Part one sets out background information on Southern Africa, its physical environment and the way it has been managed throughout history to the present. Part two of the book deals with a series of environmental issues of interest to Southern Africa. The last section looks towards the future, and discusses processes such as global atmospheric changes and scenario generation. A timely and comprehensive work. —André du Pisani

Food Security

Geldenhuys, Zelda, compiler. (1994). Food security in Southern Africa, 1974-1994: A select and annotated bibliography. South African Institute of International Affairs, Bibliographical Series No.27. (South African Institute of International Affairs: Johannesburg, South Africa).

A most useful guide to literature on food security in Southern Africa, in the period 1974-94. Southern Africa is taken to comprise the 12 SADC member states. A broad definition of food security, formulated by the World Bank, informs the bibliography: ‘Food security is access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life’. The bibliography boasts 1065 entries and has both an author and subject index. For the serious researcher.—André du Pisani

Gender & Development

Meena, Ruth, ed. (1992). Gender in Southern Africa: Conceptual and theoretical issues. (SAPES Books: Harare, Zimbabwe).

This book deals with the re-definition of gender, and the clarification of conceptual and theoretical frameworks of gender analysis within a Southern Africa perspective. It attempts to provide new ways of looking at and tackling the problems of underdevelopment, poverty and exploitation. At the heart of this book lies the objective of utilising women’s insight and knowledge to improve the lives not only of women, but of all people in Southern Africa and the rest of the continent. The chapter ‘Conventional economic theories and gender analysis’ is especially useful in locating issues such as migration, population and poverty within the broader scope of development, and in particular economic development. —Maxi van Aardt

Schlyter, A. (1989). Women householders and housing strategies: The case of Harare, Zimbabwe. (The National Swedish Institute for Building Research: Govle, Sweden).

This book is a vital contribution to women’s struggle for equality and justice, not only in Zimbabwe but elsewhere. It captures the immense contribution women are making to people’s socio-economic well-being in general, and to that of Zimbabweans in particular. Providing a policy indicator, the study displays a measure of female contributions to society and recognises that women are becoming a force of development that can no longer be ignored. All this is captured in this discussion of the contribution women are making in the housing sector in Zimbabwe. —Israel Chokuwenga

Global & Regional Security

Buzan, Barry. (1991). People, states and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-Cold War era. (Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder, Colorado, USA).

This book provides the background to and basis for conceptualising security in non-traditional terms. It contains an excellent discussion of what security means, of the various dimensions of security, and of the centrality of the state in any discussion about security. Of importance is Buzan’s distinction between weak and strong states, as it provides an idea of what can be expected of various states in terms of co-operation and also their ability to pay attention to security threats. The chapter on regional security is especially useful for those working in the Southern African context. —Maxi van Aardt

du Pisani, André. (1995). ‘Towards human security in Southern Africa.’ Bulletin, (United Nations Information Centre (Namibia): Windhoek, Namibia) 4:28-30.

This paper explores the multi-dimensional concept of human security, embracing an interlocking set of needs that are indispensable to human survival in an interdependent and complex region. —André du Pisani

Garbor, J. N. (1994). Towards sustainable peace and stability in Southern Africa. (Institute of International Education, for the Southern African Peacekeeping and Peacemaking Project: New York, New York, USA).

This collection of papers from a 1993 conference in Harare, Zimbabwe, explores the role of the military in a democracy against the background of transformation, peacekeeping and peacemaking in Southern Africa. A useful introductory text. —André du Pisani

Kegley, C. and Wittkopf, E. (1995). The global agenda: Issues and perspectives. (McGraw Hill: New York, New York, USA).

Of great value and importance is part four on ‘Ecology and politics’ in which the politics of the ecological agenda are examined in the context of the relationship between humans and their physical and biological environments. At the political level, the links between North and South—and therefore the globalisation of, amongst others, population and migration—are drawn in such a way as to provide a framework for analysing, understanding and explaining these issues in relation to other issues, such as food and water security, the position and status of women and the implications of reliance on export-led growth for development. —Maxi van Aardt

Spanger, Hans-Joachim and Vale, Peter, eds. (1995). Bridges to the future: Prospects for peace and security in Southern Africa. (Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, USA).

This collection of essays is forged on the historic Midgard Conference held in Namibia in May 1993, and attempts to interrogate—often in novel ways—how peace and security could be secured in Southern Africa. The study culminates with an exploration of a security regime in Southern Africa. The contributors to this collection share a common desire to anchor the region on firmer foundations. A very good read for the specialist. —André du Pisani

Health in Africa

Shaw, R., et al (1995): Better health in Africa: Experience and lessons learned. (The World Bank: Washington, D.C., USA).

This book complements the World development report 1993: Investing in health, and reflects the views of UNICEF and the World Bank. Similar to most of its past publications, it is realistically grounded in the practical health problems facing Africa, and proposes ideas that should be taken seriously. For $13 per person per annum, the report argues that a basic health package can be provided in low-income Africa, and, therefore, how it is possible to achieve far more than has been achieved within existing resource constraints. It is a refreshing change from other perspectives which too often insist that improvements can only come through ever more financial aid. —Graham Herbert

Housing in South Africa

Central Statistics Services Reports. October 1994 household survey. (Central Statistics Services: Pretoria, South Africa).

There is a section in this series which provides very useful data on housing both at national and provincial levels. Included are such issues as type of housing, and building materials used for walls and roofs. In addition, it provides information on population distribution according to geographic area as well as according to gender. —Abueng Matlapeng

Crankshaw, O. and White, C. (1993). The transfer of state-owned housing stock to private ownership: A report to Working Group 3. (National Housing Forum: Johannesburg, South Africa).

This report examines issues surrounding the transfer of housing ownership from the state to private individuals. It looks at the following issues and proposes effective ways of addressing them: methods of notification to tenants about transfer of ownership, participation of interested parties (e.g. local authorities and civic associations), unfairness in the process as a whole, disputes over entitlement, and understanding of the implications of home ownership by prospective owners. —Abueng Matlapeng

Hindson, D. et al. (1993). Urbanisation processes, patterns and dynamics: Implications for urban restructuring and housing policy. (National Housing Forum: Johannesburg, South Africa).

The assumptions used to explain and understand urban processes have an impact upon the housing policy adopted. Hindson et al. argue that explanations of urbanisation processes in South Africa are based on the ‘transitional model’ which posits that there is a slow shift from short-term migration to permanent establishment in urban areas. However, this pattern does not hold for many urban dwellers in South Africa, since there is circulatory migration between rural and urban areas. Many households maintain several bases for the sake of access to income generation. This report goes on to examine implications of migratory patterns for urban policy. —Abueng Matlapeng

Molobi, E. A new vision of South Africa: The National Housing Forum. (National Housing Forum: Johannesburg, South Africa).

This report gives a brief outline of where South African housing crises have come from. It argues that these crises arose from the fragmented nature of housing management which was previously under fourteen state departments and twenty-six state and parastatal channels. The report goes on to explain the nature of the National Housing Forum (NHF) and how it operates; the NHF attempts to make up for the undemocratic way in which housing issues and the resultant crises were addressed by the previous government. Molobi then briefly outlines the way in which NHF in conjunction with the government deals with the housing crisis. Their approach is based on concensus among the participants in the decision-making process on housing issues. The process is aimed at creating and maintaining a sustainable housing program which will make a positive contribution towards the promotion of a non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and integrated society. —Abueng Matlapeng

National Housing Forum. Status report: The interface between high and low income settlements. (National Housing Forum: Johannesburg, south Africa).

This report looks at the conflicts that occur between high- and low-income (including squatter) settlements. It highlights the kinds of conflicts resulting from the location of low-income settlements close to high-income ones. The latter are unhappy with the close location of the former due to a fear of devaluation of property, disease, squalor and such. On the other hand, the report asserts that the low-income communities feel that high-income communities are denying them access to housing and urban amenities. This document proposes solutions to these kinds of conflicts and comments on articles so far produced on the interface issue. —Abueng Matlapeng

Tomlinson, M.R. (1995). From principle to practice: Implimenter’s views on the new Housing Subsidy Scheme. Research Report No 44. (Centre for Policy Studies: New Doornfontein, South Africa).

This report examines tensions arising among the National Housing Board (NHB), the Provincial Housing Boards (PHBs), and the Members of Executive Council (MECs) for housing. The NHB makes policy which the provinces are expected to impliment. The PBHs are responsible to the NHB rather than to the MECs, who are unhappy about the fact that the PHBs wield a lot of power. The state of affairs in all of the provinces is examined with a view to their commitment to policy. The report further discusses various logjams that have to be dealt with, such as those concerning land and infrastructure. Finally, the limits of consensus are discussed. —Abueng Matlapeng

History of Southern Africa

Callinicos, L. (1994). A people’s history of South Africa: Gold and workers, 1886-1924. Sixth Edition. (Ravan Press: Johannesburg, South Africa).

This book investigates and presents the history of South Africa’s migrant workers from the perspective of the workers themselves. It presents a viewpoint which departs completely from that of the South African landlords, conservatives, pastoral Boers and political leaders of the racist regimes. The book exposes the role of migrant workers during the formative years of the special breed of South African capitalism in a manner in which a black male who experienced the system would find very acceptable.

—Johannes Tsheola

Thompson, L. (1990): A history of South Africa. (Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut, USA).

This book documents South Africa’s history from the earliest known human settlement in the area to the present. Thompson focuses on the experiences of Africans throughout the period of the construction of and movement towards the present South Africa. Considered as a history that is accurate and authentic by some of the most prominent South African leaders, this book exposes the context within which most of the conflicts and spatial settlement patterns occurred. The author strikes a balance between a variety of perspectives—those that emphasise race, class, culture, gender, etc.—in his objective exposition of the history of the people of South Africa. Thompson’s book is truly up-to-date given the hotly debated history of South Africa. —Johannes Tsheola

Intra-regional Migration (General)

de Villiers, Riaan and Reitzes, Maxine, eds. (1995). Southern African migration: Domestic and regional policy implications. Centre for Policy Studies, Workshop proceedings, No. 14 (Centre for Policy Studies: Johannesburg, South Africa).

This edited collection interrogates the policy implications—both domestically and regionally—of migration. It builds on existing CPS interest and expertise in domestic South African and foreign policy concerns towards migration. This collection sparkles. —André du Pisani

du Pisani, André. (1995). ‘Overstepping boundaries: Migration and the disruption of civil society.’ Harvard International Review, Fall 1995:28-31.

This paper argues that the phenomenon of migration is too transnational and dynamic to be fitted into the corset of nation-building. Often, migrants do not allow themselves to be captured by states and their nation-building projects. —André du Pisani

Solomon, Hussein. (1995). Population movements into South Africa: Trends, outlook, policies. The Foundation for Global Dialogue, FGD Occasional paper Series No.2 (The Foundation for Global Dialogue: Braunfontain, South Africa).

Solomon draws on comparative and international experiences as a basis for suggesting useful policy directives which South African policy makers could consider following. The paper argues the case for a human rights-based immigration policy for a democratic South Africa. —André du Pisani

Strategic Review for Southern Africa. XVII(1).

This journal is published by the Institute for Strategic Studies at the University of Pretoria in South Africa which addresses strategic issues in Southern Africa and Africa. The 1995 journal looks at migration in the region at length, including the issue of illegal aliens in South Africa. —Thabo Sabela

Labour Migration: Mining & Mine Workers

Allen, V.L. (1992). The History of black mineworkers in South Africa. (The Moore Press: West Yorkshire, UK).

This book exposes the often-denied point that African migrant workers have been important in the construction of South Africa’s special breed of capitalism. The book, which puts mineworkers in the central, determining role in the history of capitalist development in South Africa, illustrates the importance of these low-paid African workers’ efforts, skills and sacrifices in exploiting the gold mines. This book departs from the tradition of seeing black migrant workers as statistics and without a history, and presents these workers as people who struggled against overwhelming odds. The book also provides a clear understanding of social science and how social scientists should understand their tasks. Those social scientists who want to write about African migrant workers and development in South Africa might need to read this book for the purposes of orienting themselves in what they, as social scientists, are actually doing in their research. —Johannes Tsheola

Crush, Jonathan. and James, Wilmot, eds. (1995). Crossing boundaries. Mine migration in a democratic South Africa. (Creda Press: Cape Town, South Africa).

This book is about migrant labour and the mining industry in South Africa and its impact in Southern Africa. Various authors in the book attempt to address post-apartheid issues associated with labour. The collection attempts to put forward alternative policies and principles for the region. —Thabo Sabela

The collection comes at a time when South Africa’s new government of national unity is grappling with the task of transforming labour policy. If the migrant labour system stays, a central tenet of apartheid will be preserved. If it goes, the result will be widespread regional hardship and dislocation. Based on a conference which brought together South African and international scholars and labour experts, this collection advances alternative policies and principles. —André du Pisani

The work consists mainly of edited papers first presented at a conference entitled ‘Transforming mine migrancy in the 1990s’ that took place at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in June 1994. The conference was the culmination of a three-year programme of cooperative research between UCT and Queen’s University known as the Migrant Labour Project. It has been useful as a reference for the history of mine migrancy in Southern Africa, and brings together many important questions relating to this labour practice. A weakness in the entire process (and hence in the book) has been the lack of participation by large-scale employers. Many debates are one-sided and often ignore financial issues related to the business of mining. —Graham Herbert

Head, Judith. (1995). ‘Migrant mine labour from Mozambique: Employment prospects and policy options in the 1990s.’ Journal of Contemporary African Studies 13(1):91-120.

This innovative paper explores the subtle process of reorganisation of the labour supply from Mozambique to South Africa since the mid-1980s. Two principal reasons are advanced to account for reorganisation: first, demand trends and their complex relationship with the rural economy of southern Mozambique, and secondly, the changes taking place within South Africa. —André du Pisani

Population Issues

Hartmann, B. (1995). Reproductive rights and wrongs: The global politics of population control. (South End Press: Boston, Massachusetts, USA).

This book provides an excellent discussion on the politics of population control and points out the ways in which women’s status and rights are undermined in futile attempts to control population growth. Various controversies and debates on the subject of population control are discussed, and the author argues that the very idea of population control in effect poses a threat to security. She comes to the conclusion that the solution to the so-called population problem lies in concentrating on improving human welfare and that special attention should be paid to women’s rights and human needs. A book closely related to this theme and one which is also useful, is: Correa, S. (1994). Population and reproductive rights: Feminist perspectives from the South. (Zed Books: London, UK). —Maxi van Aardt

Klugman, B. (1994). Population policy in South Africa: Where to from here?. (Development Bank of Southern Africa: Halfway House, South Africa).

Klugman puts together an interesting comparison of the population policies advocated by the former National Party government and the Government of National Unity. In this document, Klugman carefully illustrates the problems which were caused by the former government’s population policy with regard to blacks. She refers particularly to the distortion of the demographies of the black South Africans during the apartheid era. She continues to show how instrumental the African migrant labour system was in distorting these demographies. Klugman successfully demonstrates how adverse the effects were on development prospects within the Africans’ former homelands. Those who feel that circulatory labour migrancy contributed positively to development in the former homelands might need to read through this brief document. —Johannes Tsheola

Refugees

Hathaway, J.C. (1991). The law of refugee status. (Butterworths: Toronto, Canada).

This book provides a comprehensive overview of international refugee law. What makes it particularly useful are Hathaway’s presentation of the continuities and changes which characterise this body of legislation, and the way in which its development is contextualised as a response to changing historical, social, political and economic circumstances. Thus, the author offers not merely a description of a body of international law, but also an analysis of its genesis and progression, and its implications. He also provides an in-depth exploration and interpretation of some of its more ambiguous clauses, and grapples with some inconsistencies and contradictions between various branches of international refugee law. —Maxine Reitzes

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (1990). Collection of international instruments concerning refugees. (UNHCR: Geneva, Switzerland).

This is a vital and comprehensive collection of international legal instruments on refugees. The collection is a must for anyone in the refugee field. For practitioners, the book will help one to understand the implications policies have on both refugees and the states involved. The collection also has policy implications for the sub-Saharan African region, particularly where change in some of the legal instruments concerning refugees is desired. —Israel Chokuwenga

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1995). The state of the world’s refugees. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK).

This is an annual publication on the state of refugees in different parts of the world. It is readable and straightforward, providing details on the latest refugee hot-spots. In addition, it clearly states the new thinking that now prevails at the High Commission. Issues of transboundary migrancy, state cooperation and regional cooperation are also discussed in this publication. —Israel Chokuwenga

Regional Co-operation

Abegunin, O. (1990). ‘Economic independence and regional co-operation in Southern Africa: SADC and South Africa in confrontation.’ In Theoretical perspectives on Southern African co-operation. (Mellen: Lewiston, South Africa).

In this chapter Abegunin looks at the issues that will influence the integration of the Southern African subregion. More specifically, he raises the concern of South African economic power as compared to that of other countries in the region. He further looks at theoretical frameworks and examines various approaches such as the functionalist and neofunctionalist schools and how they can explain the integration problems facing the subregion. —Abueng Matlapeng

Adedeji, Adebayo, ed. (1996). South Africa & Africa: Within or apart? (Zed Books, in association with the African Centre for Development and Strategic Studies (ACDESS): London, UK).

The new democratic government in South Africa is in the process of making profound choices. Will South Africa’s future be characterised by restructuring its hegemonic relations with its neighbours in a more equitable direction? A future where South Africa stands up for its own interests and those of Africa? Or, alternatively, will the new leadership become distanced from its popular roots and be pushed in a globalizing direction which marginalises its own classes and those of the rest of the continent? These are some of the inter-related themes which the contributors to this volume—South African, African and Western scholars and participants in the process—explore. A cogent analysis of an important theme. —André du Pisani

Ohlson, Thomas et al. (1994). The new is not yet born: Conflict resolution in Southern Africa. (The Brookings Institution: Washington, D.C, USA).

This study explores the principal sources and dynamics of the political, economic and diplomatic transformations taking place in Southern Africa. The authors show how conflict in Southern Africa has left, and continues to leave, widespread destruction. The study concludes with an identification of past, present and future sources of conflict in the region and considers institutions, organisations and policies that might help reduce or resolve conflict and provide security for the people of Southern Africa. A solid introductory text for students of Southern Africa. —André du Pisani

Science & Technology

Forje, J. (1995). ‘Development and technology policy in a changing society: Challenges for the African political structures’. Science and Policy. 2:121-129.

This article looks at the state of science and technology in Africa and explains why it is such. Forje talks about the fallacies that have been used as explanations for the state of science and technology on the continent. He further looks at obstacles to development in Africa. The major concern raised is that thirty years after independence African countries are still poor, regardless of the fact that they are richly endowed with natural resources. Ultimately he suggests possible solutions to addressing Africa’s poor economic development strategies. —Abueng Matlapeng

Hasselgren, L. and Nilsson, J.S. (1990). Reflections on the role of basic sciences in the third world countries. (Swedish Agency for Research Co-operation with Developing Countries (Sarec Gotab): Stockholm, Sweden).

This report examines the current role of basic sciences in society. It further looks at the significance of continuous evaluation of new technologies. This need is highlighted by the hazardous wastes that may come with some of these technologies. In addition, the paper looks at co-operation between the developing and developed countries while bearing in mind the needs and priorities of these regions. —Abueng Matlapeng

Johnson, J.H. (1965). The economics of the ’brian drain’: The Canadian case of Minerva. (Johnson Reprint No. 5: Chicago, Illinois, USA)

Here is an economist’s view on the migration of professionals. It concentrates particularly on the movement between developing and developed regions. The two approaches of explaining brain drain are explained. The internationalist approach sees brain drain as a necessary process of evening out the uneven distribution of resources. On the other hand, the nationalist approach is viewed as being too restrictive on the individual who should have the freedom to choose what and where he/she wants to work after completing his/her studies. —Abueng Matlapeng

Mshigeni, K.E., et al. (1993). Science, technology and research for development in the SADC Region: Status, needs, prospects and challenges. (Southern African Development Community (SADC): Gabarone, Botswana).

This report provides a broad view of the status of sciences and technology of Southern African Development Community (SADC) member countries. It provides information on scientific human resources and problems encountered by each country in as far as science and technology issues are concerned. The report further looks into policies of each country. In other words, this is an evaluation of the state of science in the subregion. —Abueng Matlapeng

State Sovereignty

Heiberg, M. ed. (1994). Subduing sovereignty : Sovereignty and the right to intervene. (Pinter Publishers : London, UK).

This edited collection contains articles which are all centrally concerned with the conflict between the rights of sovereign states, and the rights of citizens and residents within states. All address what is essentially a moral dilemma of whether, and under what circumstances, international organisations and other states may circumvent the rights of sovereign states when those states themselves are violating the rights of those within their borders. Although broad and comprehensive in scope, none of the contributions addresses the issue of the conflict between sovereign rights and the human rights of all persons, regardless of whether or not they are citizens of a particular state. Thus, they are unable to offer answers to the troublesome issue of which agencies ought to guard and protect the rights of human beings who cross national borders from their countries of origin into foreign states. —Maxine Reitzes

Jackson, R.H. (1990). Quasi-states: Sovereignty, international relations and the Third World. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK).

This is a seminal work in which Jackson attempts to address the issue of the divide and differences between First and Third World states. Unlike the conventional body of literature on this topic which grapples with theories of neo-colonialism, development and under-development, and core-periphery dualism, Jackson develops an original theory based on the historical genesis of these different types of states. He argues that it is the very nature of state sovereignty which characterises First and Third World states which is fundamentally different: the former developed sovereignty organically and internally and are possessed of ‘positive’ sovereignty, whereas the latter were posited as ‘sovereign’ externally by an international community at a particular historical conjuncture when human rights and the right to self-determination were on the ascendance on the agenda of the international community. These states are thus possessed of ‘negative’ sovereignty, and are relatively lacking in the necessary conditions of positive sovereignty.—Maxine Reitzes

Section IV:

GSFI Focus Area 4

Economic Dislocation & Co-operation in Southern Africa

Biodiversity

Kenton, M.R. and Lanou, S.R.. (1995). National biodiversity planning: Guidelines based on early experiences around the world. (WRI/UNEP/IUCN: Gland, Switzerland).

This text focuses exclusively on biodiversity planning strategies and summarises experiences gained from similar projects from various parts of the globe. It outlines some of the pitfalls experienced to date and gives an indication of strategies that appear to be more successful. It represents an invaluable sharing of experiences gained thus far in the biodiversity field, and is useful for scientists and policy makers embarking on the formulation of similar strategies. —Albert van Jaarsveld

Wilson, E.O., ed. (1988). Biodiversity. (National Academic Press: Washington, D.C., USA).

This important collection of essays on biodiversity is fast becoming a standard citation in the conservation field. It represents the first attempt to collect various points of view about the ecological, economic and social importance of biodiversity as a global resource. It should be on the shelf of anyone interested in knowing anything about conservation and the relationship between biodiversity and human welfare. —Albert van Jaarsveld

Conflict Resolution & Co-operation

de Bono, E. (1985). Conflicts: A better way to resolve them. (Penguin: London, UK).

Dr. de Bono is well known for having invented the concept of lateral thinking. For over 30 years he has written on the management of thinking, wordpower, practical thinking, the mechanism of the mind and other related subjects. Conflicts: A better way to resolve them is a landmark work. Dr. de Bono argues that the usual negotiating methods in the West are compromise and consensus. Compromise suggests that both sides give up something in order to gain something. Consensus demands staying with that part of the proposal on which everyone is agreed—the lowest common denominator. Edward de Bono puts forward an approach that involves making a map of conflict ‘terrain’ and then using lateral thinking to generate alternative solutions. I strongly recommend it to students of global security and conflict resolution. Practically everyone is bound to be uplifted by reading this book. —Meshack Khosa

Development in Africa

Adedeji A. (1981). Indigenisation of African economies. (Anchor Press Ltd.: London, UK).

This book should have laid the foundation and informed the development of African economies since their independence in the sixties. It sheds light on theories that support development that is people-driven. It bolsters new thoughts that recognise socio-cultural dimensions in economic development. It also challenges conceptions of development that continue to undermine the survivalist character of people facing distress brought about by external pressures to develop. —Nana Adandé

African National Congress. (1994). The Reconstruction and Development Programme. (Umayano Press: Johannesburg, South Africa).

There are few documents which have become as influential in South Africa as this one. The strength of the book is in its collective vision, to include those who were excluded and to focus on basic needs. The RDP argues for an integrated development programme, democratising state and society. The RDP came to be the most often cited book in South Africa in 1995 and has attracted both critical and analytical debate. The Government of National Unity adopted a watered-down version of the RDP and some programmes are currently being implemented. I strongly recommend this book for those who are interested in societies in transition, conflict resolution and democracy.

—Meshack Khosa

Republic of South Africa. (1994). ‘White paper on reconstruction and development’. Government Gazette. 353(16085).

These twin publications [The RDP and the "White paper on reconstruction and development"] set out the reconstruction and development path for the post-apartheid South Africa. Although partly politically-inspired, the RDP has the support of the majority of South Africans across the political spectrum. The first document describes the key elements of the programme in simple language whilst the second is technical in nature and describes the roles of the various government departments in implementing the programme. Themes followed in both documents include: meeting basic needs, developing human resources; building the economy; democratising the state and society; and implementing the RDP. —Duncan Hay

Himmelstrand, U. et al. (1994). African perspectives on development: Controversies, dilemmas & openings. (Villiers Publications: London, UK).

A frank and forthright account of development issues in the African continent. This book is the beginning of more to come from African academia. It is an introspective account on the realities facing development in the continent. —Nana Adandé

Legum, C. et al. (1995). Mwalimu: The influence of Nyerere. (Villiers Publications: London, UK).

An inspiring account of the contributions to African development by a man of unquestionable stature and honesty. The book is forthright in its presentation of the successes and failures of Ujamaa. Ujamaa will always be alive in true development professionals. The most outstanding feature of the book is its unqualified potrayal of pragmatism in the character of Julius Nyerere. Nyerere did not fail because some his dreams did