From: Subject: PNAS -- NewsArchive120604 Date: Fri, 1 Apr 2005 16:56:36 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C536DB.C42D5490" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C536DB.C42D5490 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.pnas.org/misc/archive120604.shtml PNAS -- NewsArchive120604
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Institution: University of Wyoming=20 Libraries Sign In as Member / Individual =
       
 

PNAS News Archive: December 6 - December 10, = 2004

  Selected articles = appearing in PNAS=20 the week of December 6. . = .

    Invasive = Plants=20 Follow the Money  
    Ancient = Chinese=20 Fermented Beverages Chemically Confirmed  
    Insects = Smell=20 Using Parallel Pathways  
    Controlling=20 Movement with a Noninvasive Brain-Computer = Interface  
    Decreasing=20 Airborne Spread of Infectious Diseases  
    Monkey = Hear,=20 Monkey See  
   

  News = Archive=20 Index

  
      This = Week=20 in PNAS . . .  
      Information = for=20 Journalists  
   

Invasive=20 Plants Follow the Money

Economic=20 activities of humans are a major factor in the distribution of = exotic=20 plants, researchers say. Their results show that high economic = growth and=20 per capita wealth are linked to the distribution of exotic = species.=20 Brad=20 Taylor=20 from the University = of=20 Wyoming and Rebecca Irwin from the=20 University of = Georgia=20 modeled human population levels, economic activity, and exotic = plant=20 distribution across North America. They found that their model = better=20 represented observed data on invasive plants compared with models = that=20 lack economic information. Importantly, their measure of the = intensity of=20 economic activity took into account the effects of population. The = best=20 predictor of the number of exotic plants was real estate gross = state=20 product, which is a measure of land-based economic activities, = including=20 construction of new buildings, landscaping, and land clearing and=20 excavation. These human activities can disturb natural landscapes, = promote=20 species introductions, and increase the establishment of exotic = plants.=20 The researchers=92 model shows that growing populations with = vibrant=20 economies will likely bring invasive plants with them. They = suggest that=20 economists and ecologists will have to work together to solve = invasive=20 plant problems because the causes and solutions may depend on = human=20 economic behaviors.

"Linking=20 economic activities to the distribution of exotic plants" by = Brad W.=20 Taylor and Rebecca E. Irwin

Read = the full=20 text of this article

Ancient=20 Chinese Fermented Beverages Chemically Confirmed

Researchers=20 report that a mixed fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit = was=20 produced in northern China as early as 7,000 B.C., possibly = earlier than=20 comparable drinks in the Middle East. The authors say that these = findings=20 provide the first direct chemical evidence from ancient China for=20 fermented beverages, which were of considerable cultural, = religious, and=20 medical significance. In the past, scientists have relied on the = stylistic=20 similarities of early pottery and bronze vessels to argue for the=20 existence of a prehistoric fermented beverage. Patrick = McGovern=20 from the University of=20 Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology = and=20 colleagues used a combined chemical, archaeobotanical, and = archaeological=20 approach to discover and analyze the contents of pottery sherds = from=20 Jiahu, a village in China=92s Henan province. Through a variety of = chemical=20 methods, they identified compounds for hawthorn fruit, wild grape, = beeswax, and rice. The authors also report on specialized rice and = millet=20 beverages dating to the proto-historic second millennium B.C., = remarkably=20 preserved as liquids inside tightly lidded bronze vessels. Their = analyses=20 indicate that specific herbs, flowers, and tree resins were added = to the=20 earlier wines. The scientists suggest that these later beverages = were made=20 by saccharifying the grain sugars with molds, a uniquely Chinese=20 contribution to fermented beverage-making.

"Fermented=20 beverages of pre- and proto-historic China" by Patrick E. = McGovern,=20 Juzhong Zhang, Jigen Tang, Zhiqing Zhang, Gretchen R. Hall, Robert = A.=20 Moreau, Alberto Nu=F1ez, Eric D. Butrym, Michael P. Richards, = Chen-shan=20 Wang, Guangsheng Cheng, Zhijun Zhao, and Changsui Wang

Read = the full=20 text of this article

Insects=20 Smell Using Parallel Pathways

Insects rely=20 on two distinct regions of the brain to identify a unique smell, a = new=20 study reports. Past research has hypothesized that honey bees, = locusts,=20 and fruit flies have repetitive, hard-wired structures in their = olfactory=20 systems. These structures accomplish two separate tasks; they = group an=20 odor into a category of similar smells or odorants, and finely = distinguish=20 that odor from the other odorants in the group. Using mathematical = modeling, Ehud Sivan and Nancy = Kopell=20 from Boston = University=20 correlated this observed neural anatomy with neuronal activity. = Their=20 theory leads to the idea of parallel pathways that allow for both = odor=20 grouping and for fine discrimination. The researchers suggest that = neurons=20 in insect lateral horns encode odor grouping, while neurons in the = mushroom bodies encode the fine identity of the odor. Their models = show=20 that variations in the firing of mushroom body neurons are = critical for=20 fine discrimination but such variability is not necessary for odor = grouping. The authors suggest that their model for olfactory=20 discrimination allows for both grouping and differentiation = processes to=20 occur simultaneously.

"Mechanism=20 and circuitry for clustering and fine discrimination of odors in=20 insects" by Ehud Sivan and Nancy Kopell

Read = the full=20 text of this article

Controlling Movement with a Noninvasive Brain-Computer=20 Interface

A = noninvasive=20 brain-computer interface (BCI) has been developed that allows a = person to=20 move a cursor across a computer screen=97just by thinking about = it. BCIs=20 translate electrical signals in the brain into physical outputs, = which=20 could help people paralyzed by stroke, spinal cord injury, or Lou = Gehrig=92s=20 disease. It has been assumed that only invasive BCIs, in which = electrodes=20 are surgically implanted into the brain, could control complex = movements.=20 Jonathan Wolpaw and Dennis = McFarland=20 from the New = York State=20 Department of Health and State University of New = York=20 demonstrate that humans can control two-dimensional movement with = a=20 noninvasive BCI that analyzes electroencephalographic (EEG) = activity=20 (brain waves) recorded from the scalp. In this study, individuals = with and=20 without spinal cord injuries wore a cap of electrodes that = transmitted EEG=20 activity to a computer. The individuals learned to use their = thoughts to=20 direct a cursor on a computer screen, often by imagining specific = actions.=20 An adaptive computer program analyzed the EEGs, selected the brain = waves=20 the person was best able to control, and translated them into = cursor=20 movement. Individuals with spinal cord injuries actually performed = better=20 than uninjured users, possibly reflecting greater motivation or=20 injury-associated brain changes. The researchers predict that = future=20 improvements of this noninvasive BCI will focus on = three-dimensional=20 movement.

"Control=20 of a two-dimensional movement signal by a noninvasive = brain-computer=20 interface in humans" by Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Dennis J.=20 McFarland

Read = the full=20 text of this article

Decreasing Airborne Spread of Infectious = Diseases

Humans exhale=20 small droplets of airway lining fluid called bioaerosols while = breathing=20 normally. These droplets can pick up pathogens in the body and = become=20 vehicles for the spread of infectious diseases like flu, = tuberculosis, and=20 SARS. A newly published study reports that inhaling a nontoxic = aerosol=20 solution can decrease the number of exhaled bioaerosols, = potentially=20 diminishing the spread of airborne infectious diseases. = Gerhard=20 Scheuch at Inamed = GmbH and=20 colleagues tested the inhalation of an aerosolized salt water = solution on=20 11 human subjects and on an in vitro device. After 6 = minutes=20 inhaling the solution, the subjects who produced the most = bioaerosols=20 decreased the number of exhaled droplets by over 70%, for up to 6 = hours.=20 Using a cough machine designed to simulate normal human breathing, = the=20 researchers determined that the inhaled saline solution works by=20 temporarily decreasing the surface tension of the lung lining = fluid, which=20 leads to the formation of fewer droplets. The authors suggest that = their=20 work will help decrease the spread of airborne infectious = diseases,=20 irrespective of the type or nature of the pathogen.

"Inhaling=20 to mitigate exhaled bioaerosols" by David A. Edwards, Jonathan = C. Man,=20 Peter Brand, Jeffrey P. Katstra, K. Sommerer, Howard Stone, Edward = Nardell, and Gerhard Scheuch

Read = the full=20 text of this article

Monkey=20 Hear, Monkey See

Monkeys and=20 humans appear to have a similar system for visualizing concepts = and making=20 mental pictures. Such conceptualization requires sophisticated = neural=20 circuitry. Non-human primates have developed a wide range of calls = that=20 signal a wealth of information to others in the same species about = things=20 like food, danger, and predators. Alex Martin at = the=20 National Institute of = Mental=20 Health and colleagues investigated brain activation = in rhesus=20 macaque monkeys to determine if the animals could be drawing = pictures in=20 their mind upon hearing a call. The researchers used positive = emission=20 tomography to identify which regions of the brain were activated = when=20 fully awake monkeys heard various calls. They measured the = response to 36=20 examples of each of two types of calls, either coos or screams. As = a=20 control, they played nonbiological sounds such as those from = musical=20 instruments. In response to coos and screams, the activation of = the brain=20 extended beyond the auditory cortex. Coos and screams elicited = activity in=20 brain regions that support vision and visual memory, while screams = alone=20 elicited response in the more emotive areas of the brain like the=20 amygdala. This research suggests that the macaque could provide a = model=20 system for studying the evolutionary development of concepts and = language=20 in humans.

"Toward an=20 evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: = Species-specific=20 calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the = macaque"=20 by Ricardo Gil-da-Costa, Allen Braun, Marco Lopes, Marc D. Hauser, = Richard=20 E. Carson, Peter Herscovitch, and Alex Martin

Read = the full=20 text of this article

 
The articles=20 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences report = original=20 research by independent authors and do not necessarily represent = the view=20 of the National = Academies.

Current = Issue | Archives = | Online=20 Submission | Info for=20 Authors | Editorial=20 Board | About=20
Subscribe | = Advertise = | Contact | Site = Map

Copyright=20 =A9 2005 by the National Academy of Sciences=20

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