History of Genetics
Courses and Syllabi
Biology 36: History of Genetics
Dartmouth College
Fall 2007Michael Dietrich
113I Centerra Biolabs
Office Hours: T,Th 1-1:45 in 214 Gilman Hall
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Course Description:
In this course we will survey major developments in the history of genetics
from Mendel to the Human Genome Project. Drawing upon a mix of primary and secondary
sources, we will consider how choices of problems and organisms shaped genetic
research programs, how genetics reflects its wider social context, especially
in its association with eugenics, how different techniques defined the limits
of genetic research, and how the rise of molecular biology transformed genetics’
core concepts.
Texts:
Diane Paul, Controlling
Human Heredity. (Humanities International, 1996).
Robert Kohler, Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental
Life. (Chicago University Press, 1994).
Michel Morange, A History
of Molecular Biology (Harvard University Press, 1998).
Additional articles
Evaluation:
| Midterm Examination | 30% | Short essay format --Time take home | |
| Research Paper | 30% | 15-20 pages -- Assigned topics | PAPER ASSIGNMENT |
| Presentation | 10% | Primary Source Explication -- Sign up in class |
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| Final Examination | 30% | Short Essay Format |
Webpage: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~bio70/syllabus.html
http://blackboard.dartmouth.edu
Disability
Notice: Students with disabilities enrolled
in this course and who may need disability-related classroom accommodations
are encouraged to make an appointment to see me before the end of the second
week of the term. All discussions will remain confidential, although the Student
Accessibility Services office may be consulted to discuss appropriate implementation
of any accommodation requested.
Religious
Observances: Some students may wish to take part in religious observances
that occur during this academic term.
If you have a religious observance that conflicts with your participation
in the course, please meet with me before the end of the second week of the
term to discuss appropriate accommodations.
Schedule
(Subject to Change):
9/27 Th
Introduction
10/2 T
Gregor Mendel
Reading:
Vitezslav Orel (1996)"Heredity Before Mendel" from Gregor Mendel:
The First Geneticist, (Oxford University Press).
http://www.mendelweb.org/MWorel.intro.html
*Gregor Mendel (1865)"Experiments
in Plant Hybridization." Originally published in Verhandlungen des
naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandlungen,
3-47.
http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html
Daniel L. Hartl and Vítezslav Orel (1992)"What Did Gregor Mendel Think
He Discovered?" Genetics 131: 245-253.
http://www.mendelweb.org/MWhartl.intro.html
10/4 Th The Rise of Mendelism: Was Mendel
a Mendelian?
Reading:
Robert Olby (1997) "Mendel, Mendelism, and Genetics"
http://www.mendelweb.org/MWolby.intro.html
*Carl Correns (1900) "Mendel's law concerning the behavior
of progeny of varietal hybrids," First published in English as: Correns,
C., 1950. G. "Mendel's law concerning the behavior of progeny of varietal
hybrids." Genetics, 35(5, pt 2): 33-41. Originally published as:
Correns, C. 1900. G. "Mendels Regel über das Verhalten der Nachkommenschaft
der Rassenbastarde." Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft,
18: 158-168.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/c/cc-00.pdf
*Hugo de Vries (1900) "Concerning the law of segregation
of hybrids." First published in English as: De Vries, H.. 1950. Concerning
the law of segregation of hybrids. Genetics, 35(5, pt 2): 30-32. Originally
published as: De Vries, H. 1900. Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides. Comptes
Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), 130: 845-847.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/v/hdv-00.pdf
10/9 T
The Mendelian-Biometrician Controversy
Reading:
*William Bateson (1901), "Problems of Heredity as a Subject for Horticultural
Investigation," Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 25:
54-61.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wb-1.pdf
*Francis Galton (1898) "A diagram of heredity," Nature,
57:293.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/fg-98.pdf
James Crow (1993)"Francis Galton: Count and Measure, Measure
and Count," Genetics 135: 1-4.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/135/1/1
10/11 Th From Breeders
to Geneticists: Agriculture and Professionalization
Reading:
Diane Paul and Barbara Kimmelman, "Mendel in America: Theory and Practice,
1900-1919," in The American Development of Biology, R. Rainger,
K. Benson, and J. Maienschein, eds. (Rutgers University Press, 1988),pp. 281-310.
http://www.mendelweb.org/MWpaul.intro.html
Donald N. Duvick (2001) "Biotechnology in the 1920s: The Development
of Hybrid Maize," Nature Reviews Genetics 2, 69-74.
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v2/n1/full/nrg0101_069a_fs.html
*D. F. Jones (1924) "The Attainment of Homozygosity in
Inbred Strains of Maize," Genetics 9: 405-418.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/9/5/405
10/16 T
T. H. Morgan and the Drosophila Breeder Reactor
Reading:
Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpts 1-6
*T. H. Morgan (1910) "Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila,"
Science 32: 120-122.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/thm-10a.pdf
10/18 Th
Eugenics and Social Reform
Reading:
Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpts 1-4
*Albert Edward Wiggam (1922) "The New Decalogue of Science,"
The Century Magazine, 1-16.
http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/view_image.html?1349
10/23 T
Race and Genetics in the United States
Reading:
Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 6
*A.H. Estabrook and I.E. McDougle (1926) Mongrel Virginians:
The Win Tribe (The Williams and Wilkins Company). Introduction of Estabrook's
copy with added keys to pseudonyms.
http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?id=1341&printable=1&detailed=0
10/25 Th
Nazi Eugenics and the Racial State
Reading:
Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 5.
*Paul Popenoe (1934) "The German Sterilization Law,"
Journal of Heredity 25: 257-261.
http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?id=2308&printable=1&detailed=0
10/30 T
The Problem of the Gene: Muller, Stadler
and X-ray Mutagenesis
Reading:
*H. J. Muller (1922) "Variation due to change in the individual gene,"
The American Naturalist 56:32-50.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hjm-22.pdf
*H.
J. Muller (1927) "Artificial Transmutation of the Gene," Science
66: 84-87.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hjm-1927a.pdf
James
Crow and Seymour Abrahamson (1997) "Mutation Becomes Experimental,"
Genetics 147: 1491-1496.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/147/4/1491
David
Stadler (1997) "Ultraviolet-Induced Mutation and the Chemical Nature of
the Gene," Genetics 145: 863-865.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/145/4/836
11/1 Th
Not Drosophila: Different Organisms, Different Genetics
Reading:
*Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock (1931), "A Correlation of
Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea mays," Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 17: 492-497.
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hc-bm-31.pdf
*Barbara
McClintock (1953) "Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize,"
Genetics 38: 579-599.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/579
Nathaniel Comfort (1995) "Two Genes, No Enzyme: A Second
Look at Barbara McClintock and the 1951 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium,"
Genetics 140: 1161-1166.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/4/1161
11/6 T
Big Bands: Cytogenetics and Salivary Chromosomes
Reading:
*T. S. Painter (1934), "A New Method for the Study of Chromosome Aberrations
and the Plotting of Chromosome Maps in Drosophila melanogaster,"
Genetics 19: 175-188.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/19/3/175
Helmut
Zacharias (1995) "Emil Heitz: Chloroplasts, Heterochromatin, and Polytene
Chromosomes," Genetics 141: 7-14.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/141/1/7
Oren S. Harman (2005) "Cyril Dean darlington:
The Man Who "Invented" the Chromsome," Nature Reviews Genetics
6: 79-85.
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n1/full/nrg1506_fs.html
11/8 Th
Inventing Human Genetics
Reading:
Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 7.
*James
V. Neel, Hiroo Kato, and William J. Schull (1974) "Mortality in the Children
of Atomic Bomb Survivors and Controls," Genetics 76: 311-326.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/76/2/311
M. Susan Lindee (2000) "Genetic Disease Since 1945," Nature
Reviews Genetics 1: 236-241.
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/n3/full/nrg1200_236a_fs.html
James
Crow (1995) "Quarreling Geneticists and a Diplomat," Genetics
140: 421-426.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/2/421
11/13 T
Better than Darwin: Evolutionary Genetics and Neo-
Darwinism
Reading:
Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpt 8.
*Sewall
Wright (1931) "Evolution in Mendelian Populations," Genetics
16: 97-159. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/w/sw-31.pdf
William
Provine (2004) "Ernst Mayr: Genetics and Speciation, Genetics
167: 1041-1046.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/167/3/1041
11/15 Th
The Problem with Pathways: Genes In Action
Reading:
Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpt 7
*G.
W. Beadle and E. L. Tatum (1941), "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions
in Neurospora," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
27: 499-506.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprtint/27/11/499
Maxine Singer& Paul Berg (2004) "George Beadle: From Genes
to Proteins," Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 949-954.
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v5/n12/full/nrg1494_fs.html
11/20 T
From the Double Helix to the Central Dogma
Reading:
*James Watson and Francis Crick (1953), "A Structure for Deoxyribonucleic
Acid," Nature 737-738.
*Francis Crick (1970) "The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology ," Nature
227: 561-563.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5258/full/227561a0.html
Michel
Morange, A History of Molecular Biology
11/22 Th Thanksgiving
-- No Class
11/27 T
The RNA Revolution
Reading:
Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology
11/29 Th
The Human Genome Project
Reading:
Leslie Roberts, "Controversial from the Start," Science (2001)
291: 1182-1188.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5507/1182a
Rachel
Ankeny (2003) "Sequencing the genome from nematode to human: changing methods,
changing science," Endeavour
27: 87-92
Henry T. Greely, Human Genome Diversity: What About the Other Human
Genome Project?," Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 222-227.
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v2/n3/full/nrg0301_222a_fs.html
Sean
B. Carroll (2003) "Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens,"
Nature Apr 24 2003: 849
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v422/n6934/full/nature01495_fs.html
12/4 T Review and
Discussion of Student Research